Richard Cobden, The Political Writings, 2 vols. (4th ed. 1903) (2024)

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INDEX

(Compiled by Bailey's Indexing Offices, 12, Little College Street, Westminster, S.W.)

Aberdeen, Lord—Objection of to maxim that “best security for peace was to be prepared for war” (ii), 348, 349

Acquisition of territory by Great Britain, see Territorial Conquests

Adam Smith, see Smith

Admiralty, Board of, Mismanagement of:

Cry of alarm and resentment against France resulting from (ii), 639

Inquiry by Royal Commission into Management of Dockyards—Report, etc. (ii), 672 and note

Tardy movement of the Board in relation to construction of iron ships (ii), 675, 687, 688

Wasteful mismanagement of the Board, ignorance and incapacity, etc. (ii), 688

Advertisem*nts, Number of, in the untaxed newspapers of America (i), 100 and note

Aggression and foreign violence alleged against Great Britain—Working of the Balance of Power System (i), 200, 201

Agriculture:

Area of cultivated land in the United Kingdom (i), 112

Comparative condition of the Catholic and Protestant interest in Europe (i), 44, 45, 46

Labourers' wages during the Crimean War—Effect of the War on the labouring classes (ii), 527

Mineral riches, and not the growth of the soil, was the secret of Great Britain's wealth (i), 111

Wars, Result of, to agriculturists—Mistaken results of augmentation of prices (i), 247

Alien Bill — Burke's inflammatory speeches against France (ii). 318

Alsace—Depot of Manufacturing Industry carried on by Protestants—Industry and prosperity of Protestants compared with Catholics (i), 45

America, see titles North America, South America, and United States of America

Anderson, Mr.—Invasion of England by France danger—Utilising merchant steamers as a reserve force for defence purposes proposed—Motion in the House of Commons (ii), 563

Anti-Corn Law League, see Corn Laws

Appendices:

Extracts from writers illustrative of the condition of Turkey (i), 260, 264

Extracts from Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia (History of Poland) (i), 265–272

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Third Invasion Panic—Rivalry between France and Great Britain in naval armaments, etc. (ii), 700

Arbitration between nations—Cobden's advocacy of (i), lxi

Aristocracy:

Church in Ireland—Impediments in the way of complete equality of religious privileges (i), 53

United States of America—Attitude of the English aristocracy towards—“Prejudiced Party” (i). 77

Aristocrat—Every Englishman from his birth was an aristocrat (i), 102

Specimens of aristocracy in low life at Bow Street—Costermonger objecting to his daughter marrying a chimney-sweep (i), 102 note

Arkwright and Watt—Peaceful exploits of compared with deeds of Nelson and Wellington (i), 148

Armaments:

European Armaments:

Europe had almost degenerated into a military barrack (ii), 349

Reduction of European naval armaments on the termination of the Crimean War proposed (ii), 536

Expenditure on warlike preparations by Great Britain:

Armed interference in foreign affairs, supposed duty of (i), xlvi

Amy, Navy, and Ordinal Expenditure for 1865 (i), 24 note

Cobden's attacks on—Public misconception of (i), xxxvi, xxvii, xliv

Councils of Europe—Maintaining Great Britain's position pretence (i), 194, 196

Crimean War, Termination of—Effect of on the military spirit in England—Great Britain had not only become a warlike, but a military nation (ii), 582

Exports, Value of compared with amount of expenditure (i), 237

First Class Military Power—British mistaken policy of ambition (ii), 519

Increase in Expenditure:

Cobden's, Mr., opposition to both in Parliament and out of doors (ii), 699 note

Great French War, see titles France — Revolution—Warlike Preparations, etc.

Increase in since 1835 (ii), 344, 345

Land forces, Increase in, 1859 (ii), 630 (sec also title Militia)

National mood in the latter part of the century would have grieved Cobden to the heart, the lesser expenditure of his own day being regarded as excessive (i), xi

Palmerstone's, Vis., Agitation during Sir R. Peel's Administration—Strength of military forces in France (ii), 661

Prosperity of the country, Increase in expenditure on armaments in proportion to prosperity (ii), 555 note

Protection of Commerce, see that title

Indian Army, Cost of (ii), 344 note

Intermeddling policy in the affairs of Europe, Effects of (i), 61

Invasion panics and their effect on the increase of expenditure on armaments, see Invasion

Ireland — Number of troops stationed in (i), 54

Large standing armies and navies—Not required under a system of international justice (i), xxxviii

Model economy of 1835—Duke of Wellington as a consenting party—Alteration of views in 1847, etc. (ii), 342

Protection of commerce as argument for maintaining enormous armaments, see title Protection of Commerce

Reduction in Armaments:

Cobden's efforts to effect (i), xliv, lii

[717]

Crimean War, Reduction on the termination of the war proposed (ii), 535, 536

Reductions in from 1847 to 1851—Period preceding the Second Invasion Panic (ii), 556

Retrenchment in time of peace—The country would have to consent to incur some risk (ii), 699 (see also title Naval Armaments)

France and Great Britain:

Augmentation of armaments in France—Alarm in England as to French invasion (ii), 572, 573, 574

Rivalry between as to naval armaments, sec title Naval Armaments

Strength of the military establishments in proportion to population (ii), 372

Large standing armies created by the system of the Balance of Power (i), 197, 210

Russia — Expenditure on armaments (ii), 500, 501

Strength of nations estimated according to its armaments—Common error among statesmen (i), 105

Superseding existing armaments—Discoveries leading up to—Argument against enormous standing armaments (ii), 700

United States and Great Britain:

Expenditure on armaments compared (i), 82 and note, 83, 84, 85

Naval armaments, Augmentation of—Rivalry with Great Britain (ii), 534

Armed protection of commerce, see Protection of Commerce

Army:

Supply of men—Obstacles in the way of raising large moveable armies for service in the field among population of towns—Supply of men for the Crimean War, etc. (ii), 515

Superior courage of inhabitants of towns (ii), 516

United Service Magazine on the state of the English Army from recruiting point of view (i≥), 519

Ashworth, Mr. H.—Cobden's Letter to (i), xlix ; (ii), 380–392 (for details see Maritime Law)

Asia:

British exports to (i), 13

Russian trade, refer to Russia

Attwood, Mr. T.—Speeches in the House of Commons on Russian encroachment (i), 153, 156 notes

Austria:

Affairs of—British intervention, Lord Brougham's speech in the House of Lords (i), 60 note

Crimean War:

Austria holding aloof from—Change of policy of the British Governmest suggested (ii), 531

Conciliation of Austria by Russia (ii). 532

Currency—Paper money ranging from 20 to 50 per cent- discount (ii). 510

France and Austria, Hostilities between in 1859—Attitude of Great Britain (ii), 613

French Revolution—Events which lead up to the Great French War, etc., see title France

Author's note on the pamphlets (i), 258

Bacon, Lord—Political maxims (i), 204 and note

Balance of Power—Origin, objects, and working of this system in Europe:

Altered circ*mstances which made the system unsuited to to-day—Rise and paramount importance of commercial America (i), 122

Armaments — Large standing armies created by the system (i), 196, 197, 210

Balance of power would always be held by the country which, in proportion to its powers, had economised its material resources to the highest point (i), xxxviii

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Council of Europe, Great Britain's position in maintenance of by keeping up enormous armaments, etc. (i), 104

Delusion that such a system was ever acceded to by the nations of Europe (i), 199

Dismemberment of European nations in spite of the alleged Constitution arising out of the Balance of Power (i), 199, 200, 202

Estimating the powers of the respective parties to the balancing system (i), 206, 211

Exploded fallacy (i), xlv

Failure of as a subject of peaceful diplomacy—Definitions of what the “Balance of Power” meant as given by International Law Authorities (i), 198, 199, 200; (ii), 533

First mention in speech from the throne on the opening of Parliament (i), 196

Free development of the natural forces the only means of arriving at a “Balance of Power” (i), xxxviii

Fruitless source of wars in which England had been plunged (i). 5

Independence of the small States, Maintenance of as shown by the working of the Balance of Power (i), 201

Outrages inflicted on small States during the Revolutionary Period (ii), 350

Intervention by Great Britain in the affairs of Europe—Discussions in the House of Commons on foreign affairs to the exclusion of domestic interests (i), 195

Meaning of the phrase (i), 197, 198, 199, 203, 204, 205, 206

Napoleon, Adoption of the phrase by (i), 202 note

North American Continent, Exclusion of from the system—What were the claims of the Turks over the Christian rival ? (i), 210

Origin of the system (i), 203

Russia and the United States—Comparative claims of to be included in the system (i), 213, 214

Scales held by Great Britain during the past century — British aggrandisem*nt resulting from (i), 201

South American States, Exclusion of from the system (i), 212 and note

Territorial conquests made by Great Britain—Unjust aggression and foreign violence, alleged (i), 200 and note

Turkey as member of the system—How could she enter into this European system when the Turks were not Europeans ? (i), 206

United States, Exclusion of for the system (i), 210, 214, 215

Balfour, Mr. A—Fiscal Policy, Variation of, Reasons for proposed return to a system of retaliation (i), xiii

Baltic—Erection of a Russian naval power in—Geographical difficulties, etc. (i), 190

Banking system in Russia—Czar as “credit mobilier” and “credit foncier” of the Empire (ii), 503

Bankruptcies in time of peace and war compared (i), 248

Bastiat, Frederic—Cobdenand Bastiat, Influence on each other, etc. (i), xxvii, xxix, xxx

Belgium—Government grant applied to religious instruction of different faiths (i), 72

Belligerents—International Maritime Law, see Maritime Law

Berkeley, Adm.:

Invasion of England by France panic—Speech in the House of Commons (ii), 563

Steam Navigation, Introduction of. Effect of on possible invasion of Great Britain (ii), 659

Birmingham — Alarming state of parochial relief (i), 157 note

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Black Sea:

Closing of by the Turks to trade of Europe at the taking of Constantinople—Turkish aversion and contempt for trade (i), 132

Destruction of Russian Fleet in, during the Crimean War (ii) 585

Emancipating influence of Russian intervention overthe commerce of the Black Sea (i), 160

Exclusion of all trade from by Russia should she occupy the Dardanelles, alleged (i), 27

Rivers which fall into, Importance of — Estimate furnished by Malte-Brun (i), 133

Blockade, sec titles Crimean War and Maritime Law

Bright, John:

Cobden's appeal to, to join him in opposing the Corn Laws (i), xxxiii

Crimean War, warnings and remonstrances, Bright accused of being a demagogue (i), ix; (ii), 460

Education of the people in the United States (i), 96 note

Public opinion—Responsibility of the House of Commons and the public press (ii), 669

British Empire, Extension of, see title Territorial Conquests

British Trade, sec title Trade and Commerce

Brougham's Lord, Policy—Intervention in foreign politics (i), 59, 60 and note

Brunswick's, Duke, Invasion of France, see France — Revolution

Bryant, Mr. W. C.—Introduction to American Edition (i), lix

Buchanan, Dr.—Prize essay written by on the probable design of Providence in placing the Indian Empire in the hands of the British (i), 159 note

Burgoyne, General:

Duke of Wellington's, Letter to in 1847, with reference to a possible French invasion of England (ii), 340, 341

Memorandum on the state of Great Britain's national defences (ii), 549

Burke:

Extensive and detached Empire, difficulties of Government (i), 191 note

French War of 1793—Responsibility of Burke for (i), 247 note ; (ii), 287, 288, 298, 318

Reflections—French Revolution, etc. (ii), 287, 298, 336

Turkey and the Balance of Power (i), 208

Vindication of National Science (i), 246 note

Burmese War, Origin of—Charges against Commodore Lambert:

Acts of hostility committed previous to receiving answer from the King of Ava (ii), 417

Blockade, Notification of (ii), 416, 429

Bogle, Col.:

Appeal to—Letter from the Governor of Rangoon for the Governor-General of India forwarded to Col. Bogle (ii), 430, 431, 445

Attitude of, towards the proceedings taking place at Rangoon (ii), 462

Description of the pacific disposition of the Burmese, etc. (ii), 443

Repugnance of the Burmese to enter into further relations with Commodore Lambert (ii), 446

Cost of the war—Burden thrown upon the Indian people (ii), 454

Dalian, Governor of—Conciliatory conduct towards the British (ii), 423 and note

Deeds of violence and injustice which had marked every step of British progress in India (ii). 458

Demands made by the Governor-General of India as peace terms—No mention of the act of the seizure of the King of Ava's ship (ii), 434

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Governor of Rangoon's reply (ii), 435

Deputation of naval officers to the newly-appointed Governor of Rangoon to present letter containing demands

Edward's, Mr., Mission to the Governor—Life threatened by one of the Governor's suite incident (ii), 410, 411

Refusal to receive deputation on grounds of etiquette, etc. (ii), 412, 419, 425, 448, 449

Breach of etiquette on the part of British officers (ii), 420, 421

Forcing the Governor to receive the deputation — Chargesagainst the Governor of keeping the deputation waiting in the bun—Commodore Fishbourne's letter to Commodore Lambert (ii), 413, 416

Governor's request to Mr. Edwards that he should bring the letter (ii), 412, 421

Hostilities with the Burmese arising out of (ii), 415

Humiliating terms proposed to the Governor of Rangoon—Visit of the Governor to Commodore Lambert's ship to offer an apology (ii), 425

Inebriety of the Officers—Charges alleged by the Governor of Rangoon's servants (ii), 433

Treatment which the deputation received, Explanation of—Letter by the Governor of Rangoon to Commodore Lambert (ii), 418, 419

Description of the war (ii), 452 “Great execution” done by the British fire (ii), 428

Dismissal of the Governor of Rangoon by the King and promises to settle demands of the British—Letter to Sir J. Littler (ii), 409

Dual Government of India, Unsatisfactory working of, as illustrated by the war (ii), 400, 453. 458

Ellenborough's, Lord, Speech in the House of Lords on the question (ii), 402, 405, 453 notes

Etiquette, Difficulty between Commodore Lambert and the Governor attributed to—Origin of the war (ii), 412, 419, 425

Events leading to the hostilities (ii), 417

Further complaints against the Governor of Rangoon by alleged British subjects resident at Rangoon (ii), 402

List of grievances (ii), 405

Hostilities, Commencement of (ii), 415

Hostility—No act of hostility was to be committed—Governor-General of India's instruction to Commodore Lambert (ii), 401, 417

Ignorance of the British as to Eastern customs and etiquette (ii), 412, 419, 420

Incidents taking place at Charleston, United States, instead of Rangoon—Results compared (ii), 428, 429, 436

Instructions to Commodore Lambert by the Governor-General of India (ii), 400, 401

Instructions set aside and the opposite course pursued (ii), 402

Authority—To what superior authority was Commodore Lambert responsible for the fulfilment of his mission ? (ii), 454

Circ*mstances which induced Commodore Lambert to depart from Instructions (ii), 404, 406

Minute of the Governor-General, see that subheading

Powerlessness of Governor-General to compel Commodore

Lambert to obey his orders, alleged (ii), 453

Remonstrance on the part of Governor-General in vindication of his authority. Absence of reference in Parliamentary Papers (ii), 418

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Reply of the Governor-General to Commodore Lambert's explanation (ii), 407, 408

Interview with the Governor of Rangoon described by Capt. Latter (ii), 404

King of Ava's letter to the Governor-General of India (ii), 445

Lambert, Commodore, ordered to Rangoon by the Governor-General of India in Command of Naval Ships (ii), 399

Latter, Capt:

Narrative of the events before the arrival of the new Governor (ii), 423

Visit to Calcutta to explain the occurrence which had taken place at Rangoon (ii), 406

Letter from Commodore Lambert to the Governor of Rangoon (ii), 403

Governor of Rangoon's reply (ii), 408

Letter from Commodore Lambert to the Prime Minister of the King of Ava (ii), 403

Minute of the Governor-General of India—Vindication of Commodore Lambert's conduct, illogical reasoning, etc. (ii), 407, 421, 422, 437, 438, 439, 440, 449, 453

Naval engagement, Commodore Lambert's description of (ii), 426

Object of Cobden's pamphlet—Lord Dalhousie's career of violence and spoliation in India (ii), 395

Origin of the war—Dispute between the Governor of Rangoon and two captains of English merchant ships (ii), 455

Pacific disposition of the Burmese (ii), 409, 411, 418, 427, 431, 443, 445

Petition from resident merchants sent to Commodore Lambert (ii), 430

Reasons in justification of the hostile proceedings—Minute of the Governor-General of India (ii), 437, 439

Relative positions of the contending parties (ii), 433

Result of the war (ii), 403

Sheppard, Capt., and Capt. Lewis, Claims against the Governors of Rangoon for ill-usage and unlawful imprisonment (ii), 398

Amount of claims (ii), 398, 399

Enforcement of the claims, the origin of the war (ii), 399

Territory, Acquisition of, to the Indian Empire—Unproductiveness of (ii), 455

United States of America, Opinion of—Speech by General Cass in the Senate (ii), 457

Yellow Ship (King of Ava's ship), Seizure of at midnight by Commodore Lambert (ii), 416, 423, 427

Declaration of war—Seizure of the King's ship constituted an act of war (ii), 432

Governor of Rangoon's threat to fire on Commodore Lambert if he removed the King's ship out of the river (ii), 426, 428

News of the event reaching England—Lord Derby's speech in the House of Lords (ii), 427 note

Burrittand Fry, Messrs—Peace Party movement to counteract mischief attributed to hostile attitude of English Press against France (ii), 339

Buying in the cheapest market and selling in the dearest—Removal of discriminating duties on colonial produce (i), 22, 24

Canada:

United States invasion alarm—Capt Wilkes's seizure of American subjects on board British ship incident — Preparations for war between Great Britain and the United States (ii), 692, 693, 695

Top-boots incident, Supply of boots offered by the French Government (ii), 696

[722]

Canadian Timber—Privileges given to exporters of timber to England, gross injustice to the English people, etc. (i), 22

Capital:

Diffusion of—Dependence of new countries on capital of old countries for development (ii), 473

Floating capital, absorbing for war expenditure, evil results of to capitalists and labourers (ii), 523, 524, 525

Catholicism, see Roman Catholic religion

Catholicism of Cobden's political opinions (i), xxiv

Caucasus—Freedom and Independence agitation—Intervention by Great Britain, etc. (i), 160

“Champion”—Captain's claim against Governor of Rangoon—Cause of the Burmese War (ii), 398

Change—Abhorrence of which characterised Catholic States (i), 47

Channel—Introduction of steam navigation—Steam bridge thrown across the Channel by, see title Steam Navigation

Aristocrat—Every Englishman from his birth was an aristocrat (i), 102 and note

Character of Cobden — Political character:

Circ*mstances had given him a thorough acquaintance with industrial life (i), xxiii

Comprehensive and Catholic character of Cobden's opinions (i), xxiv

Freedom from class and party views, indifference to popular clamour, etc.—Misconceptions arising from, xxii, xxiii, xxxvi

Impression made on the policy of the country, Depth of (i), xxii

Characteristics of the English people (ii), 374, 376

Chauvelin, M.—French Ambassador in London—Correspondence with Lord Grenville in relation to the French Revolution—Efforts to prevent war between England and France, etc. (ii), 301, 302

Cheapest Market—Chief element in competition with British manufacturers (i), 36, 37, 219, 225, 234, 246

Chemistry, Power of, applied to purposes of war—Safeguard against future triumph of savage hordes over civilised countries (i), 259

Cherbourg Dockyard, Comparisons with British dockyards (ii), 595

Chevalier, Michael:

Co-operation with Cobden in reforms which led to the Commercial Treaty between England and France (i). li

Opinion on the French Revolution of 1789 (ii), 332

Pamphlet on the Duke of Wellington's letter on British national defences (ii), 548

China:

Great Britain and China

British Trade—Sending ships of war to compel China to open ports to British vessels (i), 186 and note

War—Mr. Cobden's opposition to, Effect of on his seat in Parliament (i), x, xliv, Ixi; (ii), 609 note

Russia and China—Invasion of China by Russia question:

England would be at Pekin before Russia, predicted (i), 186

Expedition proposed by Catherine—Abandonment of on account of insufficient wealth to transport the army (i), 186

Non-invasion of by Russia—Argument against the possibility of Russia invading India (i), 185

Church—Irish Church Question, see Ireland

Churches—Erection of monuments to warriors in—Illustration of Englishman's love of war, etc. (ii), 376, 377

Clarke, Dr. (ii), 16

Clarkson's agitation against the Slave Trade, Tribute to (ii), 375

[723]

Coal:

Imports into France from Great Britain:

Dependence of France for raw material for her manufacturing industry on England, argument against War between the two countries (ii), 358

Discriminating duty laid on as a protection against inconvenience during war (i), 231

United States resources—Europe surpassed in its rich beds of coal (i), 152 note

Coal and iron districts of England, Wales, and Scotland—Increase in wealth and population, Necessity for to support the Public Debt and to meet Foreign Competition (i), 116

Coalition of European Powers against France, see France—Revolution

Coleridge—Inventor of the fanciful theory that a National Debt was a “national blessing” (i), 81 and note

Colonies and Dependencies:

Acquisition of, a costly perversion of national wealth under Free Trade (i), xxxviii

Burden of, to the Mother Country (i), 21, 25, in, 251, note

Adam Smith's opinion (i), 25

Estimated annual loss to the Mother Country (i), 222 and note

Commercial relations between the Mother Country and the Colonies — Disadvantages to the Mother Country (i), 150 and note

Discriminating duties on West India sugar—Privileges accorded to Canadian exporters of timber, Sacrifice of English interests to promote a fictitious prosperity in the Colonies, etc. (i), 22

Costly appendage of an Aristocratic Government (i), 150

India, set that title

Neglect of Cobden's principles (i), xliii

Protection in the Colonies—Anomalies and inconsistencies of the system (i), xlii

Supporting and defending themselves as separate and independent existences, Plea for (i), xliii, 25

Wars undertaken on behalf of, under the delusion that the Colonies were profitable acquisitions (i), 156 and note

(For particular Colonies, see their names)

Colonisation Question — Nothing presented so far a field for economical analysis as colonisation (i), 20, 21

Combative and aggressive community, Great Britain as (ii), 376

Commerce, see title Trade and Commerce, also title Protection of Commerce

Commercial Blockade, see Maritime Law

Commercial Policy, see title Discriminating Duties, Retaliatory Duties, Protection, Corn Laws, etc.

Commercial Treaties with France, see France — Great Britain and France

Communism, Germ of, to be detected in most of the modern agencies of progress (i), xxi

Communities—Nature's boundaries, difficulties in the way of Russian supremacy in Europe (i). 192

Competition with British manufactures:

Cheapest market—Chief element in the competition (i), 36, 37, 219, 225, 234, 246

Commencement of foreign competition with British manufactures (i), 230

Corn, Restrictive duty imposed in 1816—Effect of on the development of the factory system in America, Germany, etc. (i), 117

National Debt, Effect of on competition, see National Debt

United States rivalry, set title United States

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(Refer also to titles Cotton Manufactures, Protection of Commerce, etc.)

Conscription, Unpopularity of in France—Price paid for substitutes (ii), 373

Constantinople, Conquest of by Russia, refer to title Turkey

Constitutional freedom, States rendered fit for enjoyment of—Blessings of peace, etc. (i), 35

Continental Politics, see Foreign Politics

Continental Populations—Education and Social Condition of—Comparisons with the masses in England (ii), 375 and note

Cork—Port of call for Inman steamships, Institution of (i), 68 note

Corn Laws—Suicidal restrictions on the import of corn (i), 29

Agriculture would suffer no prejudice on the repeal of the Corn Laws — Fulfilment of Cobden's prediction (i), lx

Annual loss of revenue on corn (i), 118

Arguments against abolition of—Dependence upon Foreigners for bread (i), 223

Cobden's appeal to Bright to join him in opposing the Corn Laws (i), xxxiii

Device for prolonging by Act of Parliament the artificial scarcity created by the French War (i), xxviii, xxix

Moderate duty imposed in 1816 instead of the restrictive duty, probable effect on British exports (i), 116, 117

Necessity for repeal as a means of adding to the population and wealth of the country in order to support the National Debt (i), 108, 109, 113, 115

Peel's, Sir R., tribute to Cobden's services (i), xxxiv

Restriction of import of corn into a manufacturing nation, Effect of on its foreign commerce, etc. (i), 109, 113

Tax on corn was not objected to as a means of revenue (i), 116 and note

Corn Law League—Anti-Corn Law League (i), xx

Bastiat's History of, Extracts from (i), xxx

Meeting of the League at Covent Garden Theatre in 1843—Mr. Bryant's recollections of addresses by Bright, Cobden, and Fox (i), lix

Coronation Oath—Impediment in the way of reform of the Church in Ireland (i), 53

Cotton Manufacture:

Competition with British trade—Rise and progress attributed to British tyranny during the Great French War (i), 232

Exports, Amount of (i), 223 and note—Double that of Exports of every kind from Russia (i), 151, note

Ireland—Competition in cotton manufacture with England (i), 189 note

Raw material, Supply of:

England's dependency on the United States (i), 78, 79 note 223

Magnitude of consumption in Europe, Distant Sources of Supply, etc. (ii), 359

Mutual dependence of Europe on distant countries for—Effect of on the preservation of peace (ii). 359

Swiss and Saxony manufactures compared with British manufactures (i), 219

United States of America:

Amount of capital employed in competition with British fabrics in the Mediterranean, etc. (i), 88, 89

Rise and progress in cotton manufacture (i), 232

Councils of Europe, Great Britain's position in—Pretence for maintaining enormous armaments (i), 194, 196 (refer also to titles Balance of Power and Foreign Politics)

[725]

Country Party—Attitude towards the Militia Bill of 1852 (ii), 566

Courage—Superior courage among inhabitants of towns (ii), 516

Crimea:

Annexation of to the dominions of Russia (i), 164

Isle of Wight of Russia—Residences and valuable estates belonging to the nobility situated in (ii), 490

Crimean War—“Leap in the dark” both from a political and strategical point of view—Russia's power to defend her own territory, etc. (ii), 461

Army sent 3,000 miles by sea—Event unparalleled in history (ii), 512

Balance of Power, War undertaken for, contention (ii), 533

Blockade of Russian ports, Evasion of—Result of the limited extent to which Russia depended on maritime foreign trade (ii), 468, 471

Extension of overland commerce with Asia at the expense of maritime foreign commerce (ii), 478

Facilities for evading the blockade—Internal communications in Russia—Overland route through Prussia for imports and exports (ii), 474

Maritime commerce of Russia carried on in foreign bottoms—No shipping interests to be affected (ii), 481

Raw material—Independence of Russia of maritime trade (ii), 479

For details of Protectionist policy see Russia)

Bright and Cobden's warnings and remonstrances (i), x; (ii) 460

British Navy, Augmentation of during the war (ii), 584

Change of policy by the British Government—Cobden's proposals (ii), 530

Conquest of the shores of the Black Sea, and its effect on the imposition of humiliating terms of peace by the Allies (ii), 466

Continuance of the war in lie spring—Probable results (ii), 462

Cost in men and money necessary to bring the war to successful issue (ii), 512

Cost of the war:

Financial resources of Great Britain (ii), 520

Financial resources of Russia (ii), 506, 508

Finances of Russia—Effect of on the war—Could Russia be coerced to accept humiliating peace terms ? (ii), 466

Resources for prolonging the war (ii), 496, 526

Finances of the Allies—Resources for prolonging the war (ii), 519

Comparisons with the French Revolutionary War and Pitt's method of raising money for the war, etc. (ii), 520, 521

France—Financial position of (ii), 523 note

War Loans — Effect of a succession of loans in London and Pans (ii), 523, 524

Foodstuffs exported from Russia to V.'estern Europe—Effect of the cessation of exports caused by the war (ii), 528

Free Trade, Cause of, progress arrested by the war (i), xxxiii

Free Trade v. Protection—Advantages of both systems in time of war (ii), 471, 472

Germany, Prussia and Austria holding aloof from the war—Change of policy by the British Government, suggested (ii), 531

Hardships and exposure of camp life—Russian agricultural class of soldier compared with men of the Allies (ii), 514, 515

Internal communications in Russia—Extraordinary facilities for long journeys by road and river (ii), 474

Invasion of Russia by the Allies (ii), 489

Rashest act in British History, alleged (ii), 498, 512, 530

Loss of life, Extent of (ii), 462

[726]

Money necessary to carry on the war, see sub-heading Finances

Napoleon's mode of dependingupon forced requisitions and plunder by the way for supply of food, etc—Position of the Allies, compared (ii), 512, 513

Object of Cobden's pamphlet—“What Next—and Next?”— Cobden's views, etc. (ii), 460

Patriotism, and love of country—Sentiments founded on the belief that Russia was the favoured depository of the orthodoxreligiousfaith—Effect as a resisting power against coercion of the Allies as to peace terms (ii), 485

Peace terms—Determination of Russia to resist humiliation—Powers of resisting coercion from the Allies (ii), 464, 506, 511, 512, 518

Terms of peace presented to Russia (ii), 520, 530

Permanent occupation by the Allies of the Crimea (ii), 462

Position and prospects of the Allies — Disadvantages and difficulties compared with Russia's position (ii), 511

Railway construction between Moscow and the Crimea—Probable effect on the invasion of the Crimea (ii), 473

Religious feeling in Russia—Belief among the Russians that the country was engaged in a Religious War, Effect of on the prolongation of the war (ii), 149

Resources of the Allies—Supply of men, food, etc (ii), 511

Resources of the enemy—Facilities for supply of food and stores to the forces by land transport (ii), 481

Results of the war:

Achievements predicted and their results (ii), 462, 463, 464

Mistaken confidence of the English people (ii), 529

Sacrifices and sufferings inseparable from a state of war (ii), 484

Seaports, Creation of under Free Trade—Advantages in time of war of Protection and Free Trade, compared (ii), 471, 472

Sebastopol Committee, Evidence before (ii), 461

Strength of the enemy, Ignorance as to by the Allies (ii), 461

Supplies of the Allies—Sources of to meet the demands of a protracted struggle (ii), 513

Termination of the war—Effect of on the military spirit in England (ii), 582

Troops:

Number of Russian troops in the field (ii), 461

Resources of Great Britain—Difficulties of recruiting among the population of the towns (ii), 516, 517

Supply of reinforcements—Allies' position compared with Russia (ii). 514

Turkish troops—Western Powers providing food for (ii), 513

Undertaking had no parallel fo.' magnitude in the annals of war (ii), 513

Working classes in England, Effects of the war on (ii), 527

Currency:

Depreciated Currency—Less ruinous to an agricultural people than to a manufacturing nation (ii), 508

Paper Money, see that title

Customs Duties:

Abolition of—Movement towards made by Germany and Belgium (i), xlviii

Revenue derived from—Exchange of commodities between Great Britain and foreign countries (i), 111

(Refer also to title Free Trade)

Dalhousie, Lord—Governor General of India, Conduct of in relation to the Burmese War, refer to Burmese War

[727]

Danish War—Diplomatic intervention by England, Conflict of public opinion, etc. (i), lv

Danube—Russian influence in opening up navigation, etc. (i), 28, 30

Dardanelles, Occupation of by Russia—Exclusion of trade from the Black Sea and Sea of Marmora would follow, alleged (i), 27

Debt—see National Debt

Defence of Commerce, see Protection of Commerce

Defences—National Defences:

Agitations for increased defence means, refer to titles Armaments and Naval Armaments

Block-ships, Origin of the construction of (ii), 588

Financial evils of Great Britain were more to be feared than all the Powers of the world (i), 114 and note

Fortification works, sec Fortifications

Invasion of England panics, see that title, also title Naval Armaments

Merchant Steamers, Utilising as a reserve force for defence purposes against the possibility of French invasion (ii), 563, 623

Naval armaments—Results of invasion panics, etc., see title Naval Armaments

Pamphlets issued on the state of the defences in 1852 (ii), 571

Publications by alarmists (ii), 343

Raising money by loan for completing works—Mr. Horsman's motion in the House of Commons (ii), 625

Steam navigation, Effect of on Great Britain's insular position, see title Steam Navigation

Wellington's, Dukeof.letter—Effect of in creating an invasion panic, etc. (ii), 548, 549, 552, 560

Demagogues—Cobden and Bright not demagogues in the ordinary sense of the word—Warnings and remonstrances against unnecessary war (i), ix

Democracy—Foreign element in the materials of the English character (i), 102

Derby, Earl of:

Burmese War, Seizure of the King of Ava's ship incident (ii), 427 note

Invasion of England by France panic—Inflammatory language of the Press—Speech in the House of Lords, etc. (ii), 557

Derby's, Earl, Administrations—Augmentation of armaments (ii), 560, 570, 594

Diffusion of capital—Development of new countries, Dependence of on capital of older countries (ii), 473

Disarmament, see Armaments — Reductions, also title Naval Armaments

Discriminating Duties:

Coals, Importation of, from Great Britain into France—Discriminating duty laid on (i), 231

Commercial relations between the Mother Country and the Colonies — Disadvantages to the Mother Country (i), 150

West India Sugar and Canadian Timber, etc.—Effect of the abolition of discriminating duties on the plea for defending the Colonies (i), 22

Disraeli:

France — British hatred towards France, Protest against attacks on Louis Napoleon (ii), 579

Naval armaments'—Rivalry between Great Britain and France—“Monster evil,” etc. (ii), 691

Dividends—Consequence which would follow should the British nation be unable to pay the interest of the National Debt (i), 113

Dockyards, Expenditure in, see Naval Armaments

Domestic Policy, Principles of—Necessity for reviewing principles for purpose of adapting the government to the changing and improving condition of its people (i), 122

Douglas, Sir H.—Responsibility of, for fortifications scheme of 1860 (ii), 669

[728]

Ducos, M.—Invasion of England by France panic, M. Ducos's opinion on (li), 632

Letter to Mr. Ewart (ii), 573

Duncombe, Mr. T.—Interceding with France on behalf of State prisoners at Ham—Motion in the House of Commons (i), 195 note

Durham, Lord—British Ambassador at St. Petersburg

Admiration for Cobden's pamphlet on Russia—Meeting between Cobden and Lord Durham (i), 123 note

Letters to Mr. Gisborne on the friendly commercial relations between Great Britain and Russia (i), 244 note

East India, 5a India

Eastern Question—Independence and Integrity of the Ottoman Empire, etc., see Turkey

Economic Science—Connection between the facts of Science and the social laws which give them life and meaning:

Cobden's perception (i), xxv

Smith's, Adam, investigations (i), xxvi

French Revolution, Failure of, mainly due to want of knowledge of economic science among the leaders (i), xxiv

Moral and economical laws, Harmony of, Cobden's belief in (i), xxiv

Economy in national expenditure, see National Expenditure

Education—Cobden's leaning towards, in selecting his life work—Reasons for preferring Free Trade (i), xxviii

Education in United States and Great Britain, Comparisons between the two countries as to progress in educating the people (i), 94, 95, 96 and note

Ellenborough, Lord—Speeches in House of Lords:

British claims against Governor of Rangoon—Burmese War (ii), 402, 405, 453 notes

Fortification works—Vis. Palmerston's scheme (ii), 668 note

Invasion of England apprehension—Increase in naval armaments (ii), 614, 619

Ellesmere, Lord—Invasion of England by France panic—Lord Ellesmere's letter (ii), 551

Emigration—Irish Emigration:

Manchester Colony—Contagion of Irish habits, evils of competition, etc. (i), 54, 55

Remedy for the state of Ireland (i), 64

Energies of the English people:

In all pursuits England carried her energies in advance of all competitors (ii), 375

Utilising in the direction of saving life—Plea for the abatement of the spirit of war (ii), 372

England, Pamphlet on (i), 5

Russian politics—The pamphlet was not written with the view of advocating Russian politics (i), 37 note

“England, France, Russia, and Turkey” — Quotations from Mr. Urquhart's pamphlet (i), 7, 8, 9, 10, 14. 19, 27, 31

English History—Ignorance of the English as to modern English History (ii), 285

Entail, Laws of—I≥rosperity and improvement of large towns affected by (i), loo note

Equality v. Freedom—Characteristics of the British and French people (ii), 370

Established Church in Ireland, see Ireland—Church

Europe, State of, in 1834—Failure of the policy of the Whigs, etc., extracts from London newspapers (i), 32, 33, 34 note

European affairs, see Foreign Politics

European wars—Probable result of another war (i), 249

Euxine—Russian influence in opening up navigation, etc. (i) 28, 30

Ewart, Mr.—Letter to M. Ducos relating to the invasion of England by France panic (ii), 573

[729]

Exhibition of 1851:

French manufactures, Position held by (ii), 356

Wellington's, Duke of, precautions against insurrection—Infantine alarms which characterised his old age (ii), 341

Expenditure, see National Expenditure

Exports and Imports, refer to title Trade and Commerce

Fabrics, Manufacture of, see Manufactures

Factory System:

Adoption of by all civilised nations—Application of to the necessities of England, etc. (i), 109

America and Germany—Effect of the imposition of restrictive duty on corn by Great Britain in 1816 (i), 116, 117

(Refer also to Manufactures)

Faucher, M. Leon, and M. Tengoborski—Russian finances controversy (ii), 499, 500, 501, 506, 508, 509, 514

Fear—Mischief done by communities in taking securities against enemies (i), 236 and note

Feudalism in France—Chief aim of the Constituent Assembly of 1789 (ii), 368, 369, 370

Finance:

Capital, see that title

Crimean War—Financial resources of the Enemy and the Allies, see title Crimea War

Great Britain's position—Greater cause for apprehension than from all the Powers of the world (i), 115 and note

Financial questions, Revolutions and great changes originating from (i), 238 note

Financial Transactions—England as the medium of, Mr. Rothschild's evidence, etc. (i), 143

Finland—Russian conquest, Results of(i), 139, 141, 164

First Invasion Panic, see Invasion

Fiscal Policy, sec titles Free Trade, Corn Laws, etc.

Fitzwilliam, Earl—Statement as to motives for the Great French War (ii), 321

Flax Cultivation in Ireland—Better sj'stem of cultivation advocated as a remedy for Ireland (i), 70

Food, Price of:

Effect of a state of war on (i), 248 Crimean War, Effect of on the labouring classes (ii), 527

Price of food in Great Britain compared with competitors abroad (i), 109, 110

Tax on, sec title Corn Laws

Foodstuffs, supply of, from Russia to countries of Western Europe, Effect of the Cessation of exports caused by the Crimean War (ii), 528

Food Supply in time of war—International law, Changes and modifications proposed by Cobden, bearing on the question (i), xv

Foreign Commerce:

Tyranny exercised by Great Britain during the latter half of the French revolutionary wars—Manufactures established in foreign countries as the result of (i), 229, 230, 249

(Refer also to title Trade Commerce and Names of Foreign Countries)

Foreign Policy—Aggressive policy—Mr. Attwood's statement in the House of Commons that England always dealt the first blow (i), 156 note

Foreign Politics—Intervention by Great Britain — Mistaken policy—Great Britain's prosperity lay in peace, not war (i), 5, 6, 9, 59, 60, 61, 127, 230 note

Balance of Power, see that title

Britain assuming the position of administrator of justice to all the people of the earth (i), 5, 6, 9

Brougham's, Lord, policy (i), 60 note

Change in industrial conditious due to development of manufactures, etc., made it necessary [730] for the Government to “alter the maxim by which its foreign relations have in past times been regulated” (i), xiv, 122

(Refer also to title France, Russia, and United States—Commercial Interests, etc.)

Continental countries which excluded British fabrics—Countries whose independence Great Britain had fought for (i), 107

Criticism of Cobden, accused of going beyond his province, etc. (i), xxxvi

Danish War—Conflict of public opinion and final triumph of principle of non-intervention (i), lv

Discussion in the House of Commons on foreign affairs to the exclusion of domestic interests (ii). 195

Expedients, Logical, under the Balance of Power chimera because inconsistent and dangerous under Free Trade (i), xxxvii

Expenditure on wars arising out of (i), 5; (ii). 376

Explanation of Cobden's views on intervention (i), xl

Fergusson's Tour in Canada and United States, extract from preface (i), 119

Ireland, Neglect of, whilst seeking among other nations objects of compassion, etc. (i), 39, 59, 60

Misrepresentation of Cobden's principles, confusion between political meddling and international co-operation (i), xix, xl

National Party in House of Commons representing “No foreign politics,” proposed (i), 34

“Non — intervention” — misleading term applied to Cobden's policy (i), xl

Protection of British commerce argument, see Protection of Commerce

Propensity of the English people to strike for the freedom of some other people, etc. (ii), 374

Result of:

Ever-increasing National Debt, etc. (i), 215, 254

Tragedy of British intervention as shown by the history of the past century (i), 196

Selfish policy would be a policy of non-intervention, argument (i), 254

State of Europe in 1834—Failure of the policy of the Whigs, etc.— Extracts from London newspapers (i), 32, 33, 34, note

Turkey and Russia, see Turkey

United States and Great Britain, commercial rivalry between—Disadvantage which Great Britain had to contend with through her policy of intervention in foreign politics (i), 85, 87, 104

Withdrawal of Great Britain from intervention, and concentrating her energies on purifying her own internal institutions, etc., advocated (i), 35

Fortifications, Expenditure on, arising out of invasion of England by France panics (ii), 546, 584, 625

Horsraan's, Mr., motion in the House of Commons—Cobden's speech in opposition to (ii), 699 note

Palmerston's scheme—Enormous expenditure—Viscount Palmerston's alarming speech in the House of Commons (ii), 656

Douglas, Sir H., Responsibility of, for fortifications scheme of 1860 (ii), 669

Necessity for the works as means of defence against French invasion (ii), 665

Fox—French War of 1793, attitude of Fox towards the war (ii), 315

France:

Armaments, see that title, also Naval Armaments

Austria and France, see Austria

Church—Equal Government Grant applied to religious instruction of different faiths (i), 72

[731]

Cobden's, Mr., visit to in 1857—Duration of visit, etc. (ii), 099 note

Commercial Treaties with Great Britain, sec title France—Great Britain

Conscription, Unpopularity of—Amount paid for substitutes, etc. (ii), 373

Constituent Assembly, see subheading Revolution of 1789

Financial position in relation to the demand of the Crimean War (ii) 523 tiote

Fiscal Policy:

Coal, Imports from Great Britain—Discriminating duty laid on as means of protection against inconvenience during war (i), 231

Prohibitive commercial system, Gradual extinction of (i), 112

Invasion of Great Britain Panics, see Invasion

Invasion of Spain—Intervention by Great Britain, etc. (i), 59, 60

Landed System—Reforms of the Constituent Assembly—Powerlessness of Louis Napoleon to alter (ii), 369

Manufactures, Development of:

Cotton industry, Growth of since the war of 1793—Argument in favour of the preservation of peace (i), 260, 261

Imports into France, Statistics for 1792, 1851, and 1865 showing enormous growth of manufacturing system (ii), 362, 363, 364 note

Paris — Number of operatives, annual produce of their labour, etc. (ii), 365

Position held by at the Great Exhibition of 1851 (ii), 356

Raw material, Increase in importation of (ii), 362

Rivalry between Great Britain and France in manufactures—Mutual interests in the preservation of peace between two countries (ii), 356, 358, 361

Rouen—“Manchester of France” (i), 69

Silk manufacture, Superiority of over British silk manufacture (ii), 356, 361

Napoleon Bonaparte, see Napoleon

Napoleon, Louis:

Attempt on life of—Intemperate manifestations towards England (ii), 593

Invectives levelled against by Great Britain, see title France and Great Britain

Naval armaments, see that title

Population for each square league—Comparisons with Russia, Prussia and England (i), 135

Protestant district of France, see Alsace

Public accounts system — Expenditure on the Navy analysis, etc. (ii), 341, 342

Revolution of 1789: Failure of mainly due to the want of knowledge of economic science among the leaders, alleged (i), xxiv

Revolution of 1789 and the events which led up to the Great War of 1793—Great Britain's responsibility for the war, etc (ii), 276

Accusations as to who provoked the war (ii), 313

Alien Bill—Burke's inflammatory speech on against France (ii), 318

Allied Powers as the authors and instigators of the war (ii), 292

Aristocratic Party in the British Parliament—War desired by (ii), 314

Attitude of France towards England—Efforts made by France to maintain peace with England (ii), 279, 302–309. 312, 314

Bitterness and hatred towards England (ii), 330–334

British Parliament summoned in Dec., 1792—Terms of King's Speech, etc. (ii), 313

Brunswick's, Duke of, proclamations on the eve of invading France (ii), 295, 300

[732] Defeat of the Duke of Brunswick (ii), 300

Burke:

Reflections on tlte French Revolution, Effect of (ii), 287, 298

Responsibility of for the war (i), 247 note

Attack on the French Government—Speech in the House of Commons (ii), 288

Warlike spirit of England roused against France by (ii). 318

Chauvelin, M.—French Ambassador in London—Correspondence with Lord Greville, M. Chauvelin's efforts to avert war between England and France (ii), 301, 302–309, 314

Coalition formed against France on the Continent:

French Ambassador's appeal to England (ii), 302

“Unrighteous Coalition” (ii), 334

Commercial Treaty between Great Britain and France effected by Pitt, Annulment of (ii), 307

Constituent Assembly—Reforms effected by, Events which led up to the war (ii), 286, 287, 289, 290, 368

“Immortal Principles” — Frenchmen's tribute to the Revolution of 1789 (ii), 331, 332

Cost of the war to Great Britain (ii), 337

Crimean War, Comparison with (ii), 520, 521

Crimes and atrocities committed by the French attributed to the Duke of Brunswick's proclamations and subsequent invasion of French Territory (ii), 296

Declaration of Pilnitz, Terms of, etc. (ii), 291, 293

Declaration of war against Austria (ii), 294, 295

Declaration of war against England — French were the first to declare war, Explanation of (ii), 324

Defence of England preparations—Augmentation of naval and military forces (ii), 301, 303, 314, 315

Demands of the Austrian Court—Declaration of war by Louis against Austria (ii), 294

Diplomatic Relations between Great Britain and France following the insurrection in Paris of August 1792—British Ambassador recalled, etc. (ii), 278, 302 note

Dread of a maritime war with England — Unpreparedness of the French for war (ii), 279, 292

State of the two navies compared (ii), 279 note

Executive Council of the French Republic, Attitude towards England (ii), 304

Form of Government for France—Emperor Leopold's desire to support the authority of the King by other means than war (ii), 293

Fox, Opposition of to the war (ii), 315

Fraternity, Degree of the National Convention (ii), 304, 310 and note

French Ambassador in London, sec sub-heading Chauvelin, M.

Friends and opponents of the French Revolution, Formation of into opposing parties in England (ii), 290, 298

Grain for France — Vessels in British ports stopped (ii), 306

Great Britain's part in the origin and causes of the war (ii), 298, 325, 326

Change of policy following the defeat of the Duke of Brunswick (ii), 300

Interval from 1789 when the Constituent Assembly met, till 1793, when the war commenced, Events of (ii), 286

[733]

Intervention in the affairs of the French people by Continental Powers (ii), 291, 298

“Just and necessary war”— When was war ever acknowledged to be otherwise ? (ii), 325

Louis XVI., Execution of — French Ambassador ordered to leave London in eight days, etc. (ii), 279, 302 note, 309

Mass of the people in England joined in the cry for war (ii), 280

Nature of the war—Bloodiest and most costly that ever afflicted mankind (ii), 294

Opponents of the war in England (ii), 280, 299

Origin and objects of the war (ii), 286, 290, 292, 294, 298, 304, 310

Defence of liberties of Europe as an excuse for the war (ii), 280, 281

Domestic revolution in England, Dread of—Institutions threatened with an overthrow, etc. (ii), 323, 325

France was the aggrieved and not the aggressor (ii), 295, 313

Merits of the war (ii), 278, 281

Motives with which Great Britain embarked upon the war (ii), 286, 313, 319, 321

Pitt's disclosure of the true object of the war (ii), 301, 320

Real motive was to prevent the spread of French opinions in England (ii), 301, 313, 317, 319, 320

Restoring order in France—Earl Fitz William's statement as to the motives of those who entered upon the war (ii), 321

Source of information for particulars of the origin of the war (ii), 285

Scheldt, Dutch right to a monopoly—alleged as object of the war (ii), 308, 310, 321, 322

Sustaining the old Governments of Europe (ii), 280

Panic in the public mind in England, Creation of (ii), 314

Pitt, Attitude of (ii), 299 and note, 301

Virtual declaration of war by (ii), 324

Points in dispute between Great Britain and France (ii), 304–310, 321

Preface by the author (ii), 275

Privileged inequality in the French social system—Result of the Revolution (ii), 333

Probable consequences of the war—Wilberforce on (ii), 320

Public feeling in England against France — Members of the French Embassy at Ranelagh incident (ii), 311

Public opinion in England as to the justness and necessity of the war (ii), 327, 328

Public opinion in France:

French historical writer's hostility to Great Britain (ii), 330

Opinions respecting their own Revolution out of which the war sprang (ii), 331

Results of the Revolution—What it had accomplished for the people of France (ii), 331, 332, 333

Sufferings following the war to the English working classes (ii), 281

Talleyrand's, M. de, mission to London, Object of, etc. (ii), 311

Toulon, British naval forces in possession of — Proclamation in the name of the King of England as to Monarchical Government (ii), 322

Treaty of 1786—Suspension of diplomatic relations deemed equivalent to a declaration of war according to the treaty (ii), 279

Warlike preparations in England—Practically a declaration of war (ii), 324

[734]

Warlike speeches in the British House of Commons (ii), 303

Wellington, Duke of—Sermon on the death of—Assumption that the war was on the British side defensive (ii), 276, 281

Revolutionary Wars:

Brute force exercised by Great Britain towards foreign commerce, Manufactures established in foreign countries as the result of (i), 229, 230, 249

Financial resources—Creation of paper money, etc. (ii), 352

Repetition of, Arguments against (ii). 351

Wealth obtained by the Army—Sums of money transmitted to Paris—Amount of money sent home by Napoleon during his first campaign in Italy, etc. (ii), 353, 354

Rights of labour and of property, False conception of — Failure of the Revolution, etc. (i), xxiv

Sardinia and France, see Sardinia

Taxation—Comparisons with Russia, Prussia, and England (i), 136

Thiers, M., see Thiers

Toulon dockyards, extension of, effect of the Syrian dispute (ii), 547

Trade and Commerce:

British trade with France (i), 107

Coal, co*ke, and iron—Import into France from Great Britain—Dependence of France on Great Britain for raw material, etc. (ii), 358

Exports, Value of—Amount of exports to England (ii), 364

Imports into France in 1792, 1851 and 1865 statistics (ii), 362, 363, 364 note

Mercantile tonnage, Growth of compared with manufacture—Assurance against invasion of England by France (ii), 365, 366

France and Great Britain, Relations between:

Alliance between Great Britain and France—No real alliance unless by a union of interests (i), 231 and note

Anglo-French alliance—The two nations fighting together in the Crimea, effect of on the feeling in England towards the French (ii), 581

Commercial interests of the two countries — Dependence of France upon Great Britain for raw material for her manufacturing industries—Arguments against war between the two countries (ii), 358

Commercial Treaties between the two Countries:

Cobden's Treaty:

Chevalier, Michel, Co-operation with Cobden (i), 111

Consequences of — Movement set on foot to erase protective duties from the Commercial Codes of Europe (i), lv

Deputations from British manufacturing districts to Paris (ii), 671

Negotiations—Effect of Vis. Palmerston's alarming speech on the possible invasion of England by France (ii), 666

Objections to carrying out work of such a description by a treaty, etc. (i), liv

Possible effect of—Reduction in armaments (ii), 698

Reciprocity revival, alleged — Treaty was not a reciprocity treaty, but a work of cooperation (i), liii, liv

State of affairs in France—Unpopularity of the treaty both in France and England

Testimony to Cobden's statesmanship (i), lxii

Treaty effected by Pitt in 1795, Annulment of previous to the Great War (ii), 307

Effect of, etc. (ii), 299, 300

Communication between London and Paris—Result of steamboats, [735] electric telegraphs, etc. (ii), 355

Invasion panics, see Invasion

Louis Philippe, Abdication of and proclamation of the Republic—How the British House of Commons received the news—Sir R. Peel's remarks, etc. (ii), 453 and note

Napoleon, Louis, Invectives levelled at by Great Britain similar to those levelled at the Constituent Assembly (1789)

Alarm at the tone of the English Press—Peace Party movement, etc. (ii), 339

Attacks on in London newspapers—Letters of “An Englishman” in the Times, etc. (ii), 579 and note

Merchants and bankers of London—Address to Louis Napoleon (ii), 579

Charges against Louis Napoleon by the English (ii), 338, 340

Invasion of England by France apprehension, see Invasion

Natural enemies — Transfer of hatred from France to Russia (i), 6

Protection — Commercial intercourse between Great Britain and France, etc. (i), 231 and note

Revolution of 1789 and war of 1793, see subheading Revolution, under France

Syria, Rupture between Great Britain and France in 1840 (ii), 545

Top-boots for British Army required in an emergency—Boots supplied by the French Government (ii), 696

Free Trade:

Advocated by Cobden irrespective of foreign tariffs or warlike tendencies of nations (i), xiii

Armaments—Extensive armaments not required under a system which relies on international justice (i), xxxviii

Bastiat's description of the Free Trade movement in England (i), xxx

Changes in Foreign Policy effected by Free Trade, see Foreign Politics

Cobden's reasons for selecting Free Trade as his life work in preference to Education (i), xxviii

Colonies and territories, Acquisition of, no longer required (i), xxxviii

Corn Laws, see that title

Danger of wars, Removal of by the extension of Free Trade (i), 222

Discriminating duties, see that title

France—Cobden's attempt to break down the barriers to commercial intercourse between the two countries (i), li, lii

International Law of the Almighty — Cobden's name for Free Trade (i), xxix ; (ii), 460

Losing hold on the public mind—Drifting into irretrievable confusion as a principle of imperial policy (i), xix

Peace, Free Trade the surest guarantee of (i), xxix

Position of Free Trade at the present day:

Enough to give upper and middle classes more wealth than they can employ wisely (i), xx

Failure, Alleged—Failure attributable to a deliberate violation of principles rather than to a policy which has never yet been tried (i), xx, xxi

Not enough to enable us to solve social problems or to inspire confidence in other countries, etc. (i), xx

Reactionary influences neutralising the partial liberation of trade (i), xx

Prosperity of the country due to Free Trade, growth of exports, diminution of pauperism, etc. (i), x; (ii), 556, 580

Protection v. Free Trade:

Break up of the Protective system after the Repeal of the Corn Laws—Work of Lord [736] John Russell's Government (i), xxxiii

Circ*mstances have changed since 1846—Argument of the new Protectionists, Mr. Balfour's evidence, Faulty basis of comparison, etc. (i), xiii

Expedients forced upon a Government which maintains a trade monopoly (i), xxxii

Extravagance in public expenditure, by making new taxation necessary, has given the Protectionists an opportunity (i), xvii

France—Commercial intercourse between Great Britain and France, etc. (i), 231 note

Russian Protectionist policy, see Russia

War time—Advantages of Free Trade and Protection in time of war—Position of Russia in the Crimean War (ii), 471, 472

Reactionary influences whicli arrested the cause of progress—Crimean War, etc. (i), xxxiii

Free Trade Party—Opposition to Militia Bill of 1852 (ii), 566

Freedom v. Equality—Characteristics of the British and French people (ii), 370

Galway—Transatlantic Packet Station—Establishment of first station in Ireland (i), 68 note

Germany:

Armaments—One-half of the population carrying arms (ii), 349

Crimean War—Germany holding aloof from—Change of policy by the British Government suggested (ii), 531

France and Germany—France rather than Russia was the source of danger to Germany (ii), 533

Protestant and Roman Catholic population — Manufacturing and commercial interests of the country were chiefly Protestant (i), 45

(See also Prussia)

Gibraltar:

Market for British goods closed by the interdict of clearness in spite of fortification, etc.— Switzerland and Saxony's victory over manufactures of England (i), 226, 227, 228, 255

Unjust aggression and foreign violence alleged against Great Britain in the acquisition of Gibraltar (i), 200

Grain—Russian exports to Western Europe, Effect of the cessation of caused by the Crimean War (ii), 528

Great Exhibition of 1851, see Exhibition

Great War with France, see title France—Revolution

Greece, Revolution in—Extract from correspondence of a London paper on (i), 32 note

Grenville, Lord—Foreign Secretary— Correspondence with French Ambassador in relation to events of the French Revolution which led up to the war with France (ii), 302, 303–309

Grey, Mr. (afterwards Earl Grey):

Balance of Power—Turks forming party to the system (i), 208

Speech on the state of the nation in the House of Commons, Extract from (i), 157 note

Gunboats, Adoption of in the British Navy during the Crimean War (ii), 585

Gunpowder—Barrier set by against the irruption of barbarians in Western Europe (i), 259

Hardwicke, Lord, on French naval armaments—Number of seamen, etc. (ii), 653

Herbert, Lord, Evidence of before Select Committee on the Navy (ii), 605 note

Herbert, Mr. S.:

Defences—Security against possible French invasion (ii), 668, 669

Speeches in the House of Commons—Military spirit in England (ii), 584

[737]

Holland — Commercial prosperity, Statement drawn up as to causes of (i), 71 and note

Home defences, see Defences

Home Rule for Ireland:

Gladstone's, Mr., Bill — Service rendered in forcing the English nation to face the Irish Question (i), xv

Judging by the past, a Parliament in Dublin would not remedy the ills of Ireland (i), 64

Horsfall's, Mr., motion in the House of Commons on maritime capture (ii), 380, 381

Horsman, Mr.—National defence works, Raising money by loan for completion of—Result of invasion of England by France, panic (ii), 625

Cobden's opposition to (ii), 699 note

House of Lords:

Church in Ireland, Abolition of—Scruples of the House of Lords (i), 53

Invasion of England by France apprehension — Inflammatory speech by Lord Lyndhurst, etc. (ii), 613, 616

Railway construction—Difficulties of getting Bills through the House of Lords—Comparisons between amount of railway construction in United States and in England (i), 93

Howden, Lord—Speech in the House of Lords on possible French invasion (ii), 615

Human life—Loss of by wars (ii), 246, note

Hungary, Invasion of by Russia—Objections in Russia to the foreign policy of Nicholas (ii), 487

Ignorance of the English people as to modern English History (ii), 285

Improvement and labour, Advantages to be derived from over those occurring from war (i), 147, 151, 152 and note, 203, 256, 258

Income Tax, Increase in to is. in the £ by Lord John Russell arising out of the invasion panic of 1847–1848 (ii), 552, 554

India:

Army in, Cost of (ii), 344, note

British rule in—-Cobden's conviction that retribution awaited the lust of power (i), xliii

Dalhousie, Lord—Governor-Central of India, Conduct of in relation to the Burmese War, refer to title Burmese War

Discriminating duties — Abandonment of restrictive policy, Effect of on the plea for the defence of the Colonies (i), 24

Ignorance and unconcern of the British people in relation to all Indian questions (ii), 395

Invasion of by Russia apprehension:

China, Non-invasion of—Argument against the possibility of Russia invading India (i), 185

Danger to from movements which Russia might make Eastward—Argument in favour of British defence of Turkey (i), 19

Probable designs of Providence in placing Indian Empire in the hands of Great Britain—Dr Buchanan's prize essay (i), 59 note

Value of the Indian Empire to the people of England—Was India worth a war with Russia ? (i), 20

Wars—How wars were got up in India—Origin of the Burmese War, see Burmese War

Indian Mutiny:

Invasion of England by France apprehension—Why did not France take advantage of Great Britain during the Indian Mutiny ? (ii), 593

Industrial life of England, Cobden's practical acquaintance with, xxiii

International Exhibition of 1851, see Exhibition

[738]

International law—Definition of what was meant by the “Balance of Power” (i), 198

International Law of the Almighty—Cobden's name for Free Trade (i), xxix ; (ii), 460

“International Man,” Cobden's mission as (i), six, xxxv, lvii; (ii), 538

(Refer also to title Foreign Policy)

International Maritime Law, Necessity for reform, etc., see Maritime Law

Intervention by Great Britain in foreign politics, see Foreign Politics

Invasion by America panic, Attempt to create — Captain Wilks's seizure of American subjects on British ship incident (ii) 692, 700

Invasion of England by France apprehension—Invasion panics:

Armaments, Augmentation of, resulting from, see titles Armaments and Naval Armaments

Army, Influence of, to compel Louis Napoleon to make war (ii), 372

Atonement to France — Opening negotiations between the two countries with the view of agreeing to some plan of limiting naval armaments (ii), 697

Causes alleged, of British alarm—French regarded as the most aggressive and warlike country (ii), 346

Cobden's opposition to (ii), 699, note

Cobden's views, etc. (ii), 538

Commercial interests of the two countries which alone should be a guarantee of peace (ii), 356–368

Commercial treaty with France—Promoting good understanding between the two countries, see title France—Great Britain and France

Condition of France which rendered a war on her part less likely in 1853 than in 1793 (ii), 351

Cotton manufacture—Mutual dependence of European nations on raw material from abroad, Effect of, on the preservation of peace (ii), 359, 360

Deduction from facts and arguments against the possibility of a French invasion summarised (ii), 373

Defences — Inadequate defence, alleged, publications written by alarmists, etc (ii), 343

Publications apparently designed to tempt the French (ii), 343

(See also titles Fortifications, Defences, etc.)

Description of a descent of the French on British territory—Mr. Horsman's speech in the House of Commons (ii), 627

Difficulties in the way of a French invasion and a war between the two countries—Altered circ*mstances since the war of 1793 (ii), 351

Estimate of the probabilities or a war between the two countries (ii), 347

Expenditure on warlike preparations (ii), 344

Increase in expenditure since 1835 (ii), 344, 345

Exploded idea, Plea for the reduction of armaments (i), 86

Fear, Result of, had done more to bring an enemy into the country than to keep them away (i), 237 and note

First panic, 1847–1848 (ii), 541

Closing scenes of the first panic—Abdication of Louis Philippe and the proclamation of the Republic (ii), 553

Ellesmere's, Lord, letter bearing the motto “Awake, arise! or be for ever fallen” (ii), 551

Joinville's, Prince, pamphlet, Effect of (ii), 547

Russell's, Lord J., proposals for the reorganising of the militia and an additional 5d to the Income Tax (ii), 551, 552

[739]

Spanish marriages question, Rupture between the two Governments arising out of (ii), 548

Wellington's, Duke of, letter to General Burgoyne—Infantine alarm, etc. (ii), 340, 341

Cause of the panic (ii), 548

(For details as to expenditure on armaments see titles Armaments and Naval Armaments)

French people, Effect of panic demonstrations on — Extract from the Journal des Dtbats (ii), 683 and note.

Governments—Responsibility for panics of successive Governments (ii), 697

Half-pay army officers, Responsibility for panics attributed to (ii), 567

Ignorance of the British people of the character and circ*mstances of the population of France (i), 235 ; (ii), 345, 368

Manufactures, Development of—Dependence of France on Great Britain for raw materials, etc. (ii), 356, 358

Mercantile tonnage, Contrast to the growth of manufactures—Assurance against attack on England (ii), 365, 366

Merchant ships, Utilising for defence purposes proposed (ii), 563

Mismanagement of the administration of the Navy—Cry of alarm and resentment against France resulting from (ii), 639

Money necessary to enable France to invade England—Difficulties of raising compared with 1793 (ii), 352

French often made war pay its own expenses argument (ii), 353

Moral ties between the two countries (ii), 355, 356

Motives for invasion (ii), 697

Napoleon Bonaparte with army ready to invade England, alleged—British deluded into an Anti-Bonaparte War (i), 124

Napoleon, Louis, Election of, as Emperor of the French, refer to sub-heading Second Panic

Naval strength of the two countries—England as the first Naval Power was never questioned by France (ii), 367

Number of men which Great Britain could put into the field to resist French attack (ii), 630

Pamphlet, “The Three Panics”— Excellent example of the way in which Cobden seized and exposed the weal; points of any policy to which he was opposed (i), xvi

Portsmouth, Defenceless state of, alleged (ii), 344

Public men in France, Opinion of, as to sincerity of the British cry of invasion (ii), 367

Science, Application of, in warfare, making war a more costly pursuit (ii), 354

Second panic, 1851–1852–1853:

Absolute and irresponsible power possessed by Louis Napoleon, alleged (ii), 369

Anderson's, Mr., motion in the House of Commons (ii), 563

Attack on Louis Napoleon and the French people in the English Press (ii), 578, 579

British naval forces, Augmentation of following the election of Louis Napoleon as Emperor of the French (ii), 569

Ducos's, M., opinion (ii), 573, 632

Election of Louis Napoleon as Emperor of the French, Effect of (ii), 568

Ewart's, Mr., letter to M. Ducos, written with a view of offering public denial to the rumours (ii), 573

Extent to which the delusion gained credence (ii), 572

Invasion by Louis Napoleon prediction (ii), 340

Militia Bill debate—Meaning of “sudden invasion,” etc. (ii), 564, 565

[740]

Newspapers, Alarm stimulated by (ii), 571, 578

Derby, Earl of, on (ii), 557

Pamphlets issued in 1852 on the state of British defences (ii), 571

Public opinion in France—Powerlessness of Louis Napoleon to enter upon hostilities with England of his own accord (ii), 369

Re-election of Louis Napoleon as President with augmented powers—Cause of the second panic (ii), 556

Revival of the cry in 1853 (ii), 576

Steam navigation had thrown a bridge across the Channel—Vis. Palmerston's alarming speech in the House of Commons (ii) 561, 565

Sudden change of circ*mstances—England and France fighting side by side in the Crimea (ii), 581

Wellington, Duke of — Death of, Revival of old animosity between England and France, Effect of, in raising another panic cry (ii), 568

Steam navigation, Introduction of, Effect on Great Britain's insular position, see Steam Navigation

Sudden and unprovoked attack—Invasion of England without notice prediction, Absurdity of (ii), 348, 361, 550, 562, 664

Meaning of “sudden invasion”—Debates in the House of Commons (ii), 564, 565

Molesworth's, Sir W., letter to the Spectator, 1848 (ii), 356 and note, 550

Speeches in the House of Commons on the difficulties of sending a large expedition over sea, etc. (ii), 562

Third panic—1859–1860–1861 (ii), 582, 595, 625

Agitation in the House of Commons as to the alleged unsatisfactory state of the British Navy (ii), 584, 594, 641, 679

Fortifications, Works proposed by Vis. Palmerston—Climax of third panic (ii), 655

France, Effect produced by the panic (ii), 632

House of Commons, Attitude of—Invasion agitation confined to the House of Lords (ii), 624

House of Lords—Danger of a French invasion proclaimed in the House of Lords—Lord Lyndhurst's inflammatory speeches, etc. (ii), 614, 616, 624, 641, 648

Indian Mutiny—Why did not France take advantage of Great Britain's position ? (ii), 593

Last scene of the third panic—Sir J. Parkington's statement in the House of Commons as to construction of iron ships in France (ii), 679

Naval armaments, Augmentation of, arising out of, see title Naval Armaments

Origin of the alarm—Sir C. Napier's speeches in the House of Commons on the state of the Navy (ii), 589, 590, 596

Pakington's, Sir J., speech in introducing the Navy Estimates—Material for the alarmist, etc. (ii), 600

Palmerston's, Vis., alarming speeches (ii), 656, 692

Parliamentary discussions on the agitation (ii), 584, 594, 641

Patriotism—Contention against probability of invasion was considered English (ii), 648

Reaction on the invasion question—French Commercial Treaty negotiations (ii), 671

Rifle Corps movement arising out of (ii), 629, 631

Sardinia—Ceding to France—Mr. Kinglake's motion in the House of Commons, Effect of, in renewing panic (ii), 689

State of public opinion in 1859 on the question (ii), 631, 632 note

Termination of the third panic— [741] Great Britain as a nation had borne false witness against her neighbour (ii), 696

Invasion by Russia alarm—Cobden's views on the Eastern question, etc. (i), 122

Ireland—Condition of the people—Poverty, barbarism, etc.:

Absenteeism — Impracticability of legislating against (i), 61, 62

Agriculture, State of — Minutely subdivided farms, etc. (i), 70

Army in Ireland, Number of troops stationed in (i), 54

Beauties and natural resources of the country—Quotation from Spenser, etc. (i), 39 and note

Bigotry and superstition among the lower orders—Quotation from Inglis (i), 49 and note

Capital, Want of—Church in Ireland the primary cause (i), 71

Causes of the retrograde position of Ireland as compared with England and Scotland (i), 38, 39, 41

Characteristics of ancient days, Irish people clinging tenaciously to (i), 47

Church in Ireland — Dominant Church opposed to the national religion:

Abolition—Impediments in the way of—Coronation Oath, etc. (i), 53

Abolition or reform—One of the remedies for the state of Ireland (i), 71

“Despised andrejected” ministers, etc., Spenser on (i), 72 and note

Religious persecution which stood in the way of all possible reforms as to religion (i), 49, 50, 51, 52, 53

Cobden's views on — Importance to Ireland of Trans-Atlantic steam-packet stations, etc. (i), 4

Commerce, Restrictions placed on by England—Effect of (i), 41

Cotton manufacture—Competition with England (i), 189 note

Dress of the people — Universal feature, the great coat (i), 47

Early degradation—She had never enjoyed one age of perfect security or peace (i), 40

Elevating the people of Ireland to an equality with the English (i), 54

Emigration scheme as a remedy for the state of Ireland—Converting ships of war into emigrant ships, proposed (i), 64, 65

Employment for the people, Want of was the cause of the miseries of Ireland (i), 56

Famine and plague—Courageous Quakers who went from Clapham and Kingston to administer relief (ii), 378

Farming implements, Inferiority of (i), 70

Flax cultivation, better system advocated (i), 70

Foreign Commerce, Destruction of under British rule (i), 42, 43

Habitations of the peasantry—Description of mud cabins, etc. (i), 56

Home Rule Bill of Mr. Gladstone—Sen-ice rendered in forcing the English nation to face the Irish question (i), xv

Ignorance of the English people of the country of Ireland (i), xv, 39, 40

Indifference of the English Government to the sufferings of the Irish people (i), 38, 58, 59, 60, 74

Inglis', Travels in Ireland, quotations from (i), 49, 56, 57

Internal improvements as remedy for the state of Ireland (i), 65

Land tenure—Pressure of the feudal system:

Masses of landed property held by descendants of a conquering race, living abroad (i), xv

Wyndham's, Mr., measure of 1903 confirmed and justified policy of Cobden and Gladstone (i), xv

Manifestations of passion, Vehement displays of natural feeling—Character of the Irish people unchanged (i), 48

[742]

Manufacturing industry.Destruction of by England (i), 42

Migration of the Irish into England—Number of Irish in Manchester — Contagion of Irish habits—Competition with the working classes, etc. (i), 54

Missionaries sent out by England to convert the heathen whilst the demands of Ireland were neglected (i), 58, 59

Parliament in Dublin:

History of—Most corrupt, base, and selfish public body that ever existed (i), 64

Parliament in Ireland would not remedy the ills of Ireland (i), 64

Poor Law as a remedy for Ireland—Who would pay the Poor Rate ? (i), 63

Ports—Natural landing-places for the products of America—Importation of American commodities into Ireland prohibited (i), 42

Prosperity of Ireland depended on the equalisation of the temporalities of Catholics and Protestants (i), 71

Regeneration and pacification of Ireland (i), 40

English middle classes, probable regeneration of Ireland would be brought about by (i), 40

Gaul to middle and working classes of England (i), 53, 54, 55

Railroads, Construction of:

Opening up the country to English travellers, etc. (i), 66

Scheme in view of the proposed direct Trans-Atlantic steamship communication between Ireland and America (i), 68, 69

Rathcormac tithe tragedy—Extract from Dublin newspaper (i), 48

Remedies for the state of Ireland (i), 61

Repeal of the Union Cry, Adoption of as a means of Coercing England (i), 64

Roman Catholic religion:

Primary cause of the retrograde position of Ireland as compared with England and Scotland (i), 43

Comparative condition of the Catholic and Protestant interests in Europe, 44, 45, 46

Zeal of the Irish people for their religion attributed to persecution (i), 49

Russian and Turkish inhabitants, condition of compared with Ireland (i), 58, also note

Shannon — Finest river of the United Kingdom (i), 40

Spenser's writings on the state of Ireland—Quotations from (i), 39 note, 47, 48, 72 note

Trans-Atlantic steamship communication—Direct communication between Ireland and America—Ireland's geographical position made it possible for her to become the starting-place for all Europe (i), 66, 67, 68

Valentia, Island of—Nearest point of land in Europe to America (i) 66

Wool and woollen goods, Exportation of prohibited by England (i), 42

Iron:

Imports into France from Great Britain — Dependence of France for raw material for her manufacturing industry on England, Argument against war between the two countries (ii), 359

Ships built of v. Wooden Ships, ste Naval Arrfiaments

Italy:

Catholic Italy—Commerce of the country principally in the hands of foreigners (i), 45

French invasion—Attitude of the British towards Italian independence (ii), 613

Jacobins—Name assigned to English Reformers by the Tones (ii), 298

[743]

Jenkinson, Mr. (afterwards Lord Liverpool), on war with France, favourable period for, etc. (li), 317

Jews, Persecution of—Preservation of the Jews as a distinct people resulting from (i), 51

Joinville's, Prince, pamphlet—Contribution to the first invasion of England by France panic (ii), 547, 549

Kinglake, Mr. — Ceding island of Sardinia to France, Motion in the House of Commons (ii), 689

Knowledge, Taxes on—Comparison between United States and Great Britain in relation to Education (i), 96

Labour:

Army, Recruiting for—Labour bidding against the recruiting sergeant (ii), 516

Migration of the Irish labourer into England, Evils of—Contagion of Irish habits, etc. (i), 54, 55

Labour and improvement, Advantages to be derived from over those occurring from war (i), 147, 203, 256, 258

Russia—Danger to Great Britain compared with United States competition in manufactures (i), 151, 152 and note

Labour and Property, Rights of:

False conception of, in France—Failure of the Great Devolution, Free Government rendered impossible, etc. (i), xxiv, xxv

Inequalities of human life, due to injustice, etc., would be reduced if rights of property and labour were established by universal freedom (i), xxvi, xxvii

Labour the first great law of humanity (i), xxvi

Personal liberty, Right of, and right of property comprehended in the rights of labour (i), xxvii

Violation of the rights of labour and property—Spoliation

Bastial's views (i), xxvii

Various forms of spoliation (i), xxvii.

Labouring classes—Effect of the Crimean War on the working classes (ii), 527

Lambert, Com., Conduct of in connection with the Burmese War, see Burmese War

Land:

Accumulation of, in the hands of a few proprietors a political, social and economic evil—Cobden's opinion (i), xlviii

Agriculture, sec that title

Entail, Law of prosperity and improvement of large towns affected by (i), 100 note

France, Landed system in—Reforms of the Constituent Assembly, etc. (ii), 368, 369

Irish Land Question, see Ireland

Landed proprietors:

Corn Laws, Repeal of—Opposition of landowners (i), 109

Wanton extravagance and mismanagement brought about by the imposition of a restrictive duty on corn (i), 118

Lansdowne, Marquis of—On the execution of Louis XVI. (ii), 279

Latter, Capt—References to in connection with the Burmese War, sec Burmese War

Laws of Nations:

Definition of what was meant by “Balance of Power” (i), 198

Maritime Law, see that title

“Leap in the Dark”—Crimean War (ii), 461

Legislation—Raving after impracticable legislation (i), 61, 62

Levant, British trade in, Value of—Pitt's commercial policy, etc. (i), 243 note

Lincoln Mechanics' Institute—Stuart's work on America rejected (i), 77 note

Lindsay, Mr.—Visit to France to investigate the state of the French Navy (ii), 693

Literary productions of Cobden, see Writings

Liverpool Association, Cobden's opinion of, as the only men in the country with faith in the future of humanity (i), xlvi

[744]

London, Defence of, against possible French invasion — Lord Palmerston's fortification scheme (ii), 657

Losing hold — In some directions Cobden's principles were losing their hold on the public mind (i), xix

Louis Napoleon, see Napoleon

Louis XVI. and the French Revolution, sec France—Revolution

Lyndhurst, Lord:

Advanced years — Extraordinary preservation of mental powers (ii), 641, 642–651

Invasion of England by France panic—Inflammatory speech against France (ii), 616, 619, 627, 641

Machinery:

Invention of — Effect of compared with all the wars since the beginning of time (i), 148

Prohibiting export of—Policy and justice of (i), 26

Mackintosh, Sir J.—Speech in the House of Commons on the military spirit in England and the Tiqjntenance of enormous standing armaments (ii), 582 note

Mallet, Sir L.:

Contact with Cobden—Realisation of the ideal side of the Cobdenic creed more completely than Cobden himself (i), lvii

Introduction by (i), xix-lvii

Malmesbury, Lord — Election of Napoleon as Emperor of the French, announcement in the House of Lords (ii), 568

Malt Tax—Only burden of any magnitude borne by the land (i), 113

Manchester:

Chamber of Commerce — Comparative relation between British and continental manufactures investigation (i), 219

Irish, Number migrating to Manchester — Contagion of Irish habits, Evils of competition, etc. (i), 54, 55

Manchester Examiner—Cobden's pamphlet on Russia published in (ii), 274

Manning the Navy, see title Naval Armaments

Manufactures—Manufacturing Industry, etc.

Catholic and Protestant interest in Europe, Comparative condition of (i), 44, 45, 46

Cheapness—Extension and protection of commerce depended upon the cheapness of manufacture and not on armaments (i), 36. 37, 219. 225, 234, 246

Commerce of England was its manufactures, Value of this commerce to England (i), 218

Continental and British manufactures, comparative relation as to cheapness and quality—Investigations by Manchester Chamber of Commerce (i), 219

Corn Laws, Tyranny of—Manufacturing interest deprived of its just reward, etc (i), 151, note

Cotton manufactures, see that title

Development of — Necessity for change of foreign policy in Great Britain (refer to title Foreign Politics, and titles France, United States, etc., Commercial Interests, etc.)

Establishment of manufactures abroad—Result of British tyranny towards Foreign commerce during the French Revolutionary Wars (i), 229, 230, 249

France and Great Britain, Rivalry between:

Mutual interests of the two countries in the preservation of peace (ii), 356, 358, 361

Position held by France at the Great Exhibition of 1851 (ii), 356

Ireland — Restrictions placed on manufacturing industry by Great Britain (i), 42

Military enterprises—Manufacturing community least adapted for great aggressive military enterprise (ii), 517

[745]

Parliamentary representation of manufacturing interest of England—No direct influence in either Houses of Parliament (i), 151, note

Prosperity of Great Britain during the French Revolutionary Wars, Causes of, etc. (ii), 521

Protection—Armed protection of British trade, see that title

Raw material, see that title

Taxation, Necessity for reduction in order to meet foreign competition (i), 220

United States rivalry, refer to United States

War, Effect of on—Absorption of floating capital, etc. (ii), 523, 524, 525

(Refer also to title Trade and Commerce)

Maritime Law—Necessity for reform—United States proposal to exempt private property of belligerents from maritime capture, etc. (ii), 386

Arguments against the proposal by the British Government (ii), 380, 381, 383

British Government's refusal to accept United States' proposal (ii), 380, 381, 382, 383

British interests at stake (ii), 380, 384, 385

Food and raw materials, Dependence of Great Britain on foreign countries for—Advantages which would accrue to Great Britain in the adoption of United States proposal (ii), 385

Cobden's attack on maritime laws, Public misconception of (i), xxxvi, xxxvii

Commercial blockades:

Abolition of in regard to all vessels and cargoes engaged in lawful commerce (ii), 382, 391

Necessity for commercial blockades for the maintenance of British Naval Supremacy, alleged (ii), 383

Continental countries in which blockades had lost their force as the result of extension of railway system (ii), 386

Contraband of war, Simplification of the question would follow the adoption of United States proposals (ii), 391

Crimean War—Effect of the blockade—Imports from Russia arriving in England through Prussian territory (ii), 387

Facts which were not sufficiently known to the public (ii), 382

Food supply in time of war, Question of—Cobden's argument in favour of modification of maritime law was worthy of consideration (i), xv

Free Trade—Revision of maritime code was demanded by the adoption of Free Trade (ii), 392

Horsfall's, Mr., motion in the House of Commons (ii), 380, 381

Insincerity of the United States in making the proposals, alleged (ii), 393

Macy's, Mr., counter-proposal to the Paris Congress in 1856 (ii), 382

Navy, Chief use of should commercial blockade be abolished (ii), 390

Newspaper Press — Attack on Cobden's views (ii), 392

Operation of the law during last wars in which Great Britain had been engaged—Abstaining from taking effectual measures in the interest of British manufacturers and merchants (ii) 386, 387, 388

Paris Congress of 1856—Mr. Macy's counter-proposal to Europe—Exemption from capture of property at sea both by privateers and armed Government ships (ii), 382

Right of search, Definition of the circ*mstances which confer on a belligerent the right of search (ii), 390, 391

Substitute offered by United States for the Fourth Article of the Declaration of Paris (ii), 382

[746]

Summary of views on maritime law reform as given in letter to Mr. Ashworth in 1862 (i), xlix

Three great reforms in the law embraced in the argument (ii), 391

Mediterranean:

British trade, Value of east of the Mediterranean—Pitt's opinion, etc. (i), 243 and note

Protection of British commerce—Failure of the Fleet to force Gibraltar to buy British goods, etc. (i), 226, 227, 228, 255

Memorandum on naval armaments in England and France forwarded to the Prime Minister in 1862 (ii), 700

Mercantile Marine:

Maritime Law, see that title

Seamen's wages augmented by demand of seamen for the Naw (i), 218

Tonnage of France—Assurance to a maritime state like England against French invasion (ii), 365, 366

United States and Great Britain Mercantile Marine compared—Amount of expenditure on the navies of the two countries, etc. (i), 82, 83, 84

Utilising as addition to the defences of the country (ii), 623

Reserve force for home defence—Mr. Anderson's motion in House of Commons (ii), 563

Merchants and bankers of London—address to Louis Napoleon as to attacks made upon him in the English Press (ii), 579

Methuen Treaty (i), liii

Middle and Industrial Classes:

Interest of in the preservation of peace (i), 34

Irish Question—Regeneration of Ireland would be a gain to England (i), 53, 54, 55

“Military and Naval Intelligence”—Columns of daily papers filled with—Military activity never before known in England in time of peace (ii), 584

Military establishments, see Armaments

Military Heroes:

Popularity of in spite of the fact that the wars they had engaged in were unjust and unnecessary wars, see Wellington

Military Spirit—

Ascendency of in the higher circles both on the Continent and in England (ii), 349

Englishmen's love of war—Erection of monuments to warriors in churches, etc. (ii), 376, 377

Predominance of in France—Danger most to be dreaded by France (ii), 346

Military Works:

Expenditure on—Effect of the invasion of England by France panics (ii), 584

Fortifications, sec that title

Militia:

Reorganisation of, Increase in expenditure, etc.—Result of invasion of England by France panic (ii), 546, 558, 559, 561

Bill of 1852—Lord Palmerston as author of (ii), 561

Strength of—Augmentation of land forces in 1859 (ii), 630

Mineral Resources:

Great Britain's wealth attributed to, and not to the growth of the soil (i), 111

United States of America—Europe surpassed in its rich beds of coal, etc. (i), 152 note

Ministry—Cobden's refusal to accept subordinate office offered in 1846 (i), xxxv

Misrepresentation of Cobden's principles (i), xix

Molesworth, Sir W.—Invasion of England by France panic—Letter to the Spectator (ii), 356 note, 550

“Monarch”—Captain's claim against Governor of Rangoon—Cause of the Burmese War (ii), 398

Mortgages—Private mortgages unknown in Russia (ii), 509

[747]

Moscow—

Description of the city (ii), 465

Napoleon's invasion of Russia—Failure to take Moscow—Lesson to the Allies in the Crimean War (ii), 465

Mount-Edgcumbe, Lord, on invasion of England by France panic (ii), 578

Napier, Sir C.:

Agitations instituted by as to the alleged unsatisfactory state of the British Navy in case of French invasion, 594, 595, 624

Removal of from command of the Baltic, Reasons for (ii), 592

Steam navigation, Introduction of, Effect of on possible invasion of Great Britain (ii), 659

Naples—Impost on British manufactures (i), 107

Napoleon Bonaparte:

Balance of Power in Europe, Adoption of the phrase by Napoleon (i), 202 note

Madman in all that related to commercial science (i), 189

Russia, Invasion of:

Failure to take Moscow—Lesson to the Allies in the Crimean War (ii), 465

Inability of Russia to concentrate and support an army illustrated by the Battle of Borodino (i), 184, 185

War of 1807 against British Commerce, Failure of—Export statistics illustrating the failure (i), 12, 13, 30, 106

Napoleon, Louis, see France—Great Britain and France, also Invasion of England — Second Panic, and title Naval Armaments

Nasmyth's, Mr., monster mortar for marine warfare invention (ii), 354

National Debt of Great Britain:

Amount of, exceeding the aggregate of all the debt of the world (i), 110

Colonies, Debt contracted in conquering them, etc. (refer to Colonies — Burden to the Mother Country)

Consequences that would ensue if the country were unable to meet the interest of the Debt (i), 113

Landed interests of the country could not pay the interest of the Debt without the assistance of trade (i), 112

“National Blessing” — Fanciful theory invented by Coleridge (i), 81 and note

Rivalry between United States and Great Britain—Disadvantage which Great Britain would have to contend with in competing with untaxed labour of America (i), 81, 106

Supporting the Debt—Necessity for repeal of the Corn Laws as a means of adding to the population and wealth of the country in order to support the Debt (i), 108, 109, 113, 115

National Debt of Russia—Amount of interest of the funded and floating debt (ii), 509

National Debt of the United States—Extinction of (i), 81, 106

National defence, see Defences

National expenditure, Amount of:

Comparisons with exports (i), 229

Estimates, Resistance to—Cobden's reasons for not devoting time and labour to ithe task (i), xlvi

Increase in peace expenditure:

Abandonment of the economy upon which Cobden insisted, necessitating reversal of taxation policy (i), xvi

(See alsa titles Armaments and Naval Armaments)

Model economy of 1835—Duke of Wellington as a consenting party—Alteration of views in 1847, etc. (ii), 342, 343

Protection of commerce—Expenditure on armaments for, see Protection of Commerce

[748]

United States and Great Britain, Comparisons between—Effect of United States economy on the commercial rivalry between the two countries (i), 82

National greatness, the foundation of which was labour and improvement (i), 147, 203, 256, 258

Naval armaments, Expenditure on—Rivalry between France and Great Britain—Delusion and misrepresentation as to the strength of the French Navy—Effect of invasion panics of 1859, 1860, 1861, etc. (ii), 540

Admiralty, Board of—Mismanagement by—Cry of alarm and resentment against France resulting from (ii), 639, 688

Amount of expenditure by Great Britain exceeding that of France in 1859 (ii), 629

Block-ships, Origin of the construction of in England (ii), 587

Value of for defence of harbours and dockyards (ii), 603, 623

Vessels omitted in enumerating British naval resources by Admiralty First Lords, etc. (ii), 588, 623, 650

Brest, Formation of French Channel Fleet at, alleged (ii), 624

Channel Fleet—Sir C. Napier's demand for (ii), 590

Cheaper construction of ships in England than in France—Enormous waste of money upon unnecessary and useless construction (ii), 605

Cherbourg Dockyard, Comparisons with British dockyards (ii), 595

Coastguard fleet—French estimate as to value of, etc. (ii), 602 note

Commercial enterprise, Effect of the rivalry in armaments on (ii), 704

Crimean War, Augmentation of the British Navy during the war (ii), 584

Derby's, Earl of, Statement as to the state of the British Navy on his advent to power in 1852 (ii), 560, 570

Dockyards:

Construction of works for defence of—Lord Palmerston's scheme (ii), 656

Expenditure:

Amount of wages, etc., in English and French dockyards (ii), 539, 576, 596, 623, 629, 649

Unnecessary expenditure in British dockyards — Lord C. Paget's motion in the House of Commons — Reckless alteration of ships, etc. (ii), 620

Shipwrights, Number employed in Great Britain (ii), 623

Equality of the two Navies—Effort made by France to get a navy equal to Great Britain (refer to sub-heading Strength of the British and French Navies Compared)

Estimating the strength of the Navy by number of its line of battle ships (ii), 608

Expenditure in Great Britain and France rising and falling together (ii), 544

Financial pressure caused by rival armaments—Source of constant irritation to the populations of the two countries (ii), 703

French naval armaments determined by those of Great Britain (ii), 346

Frigates, Number owned by both countries—Superiority of the British frigate (ii), 603, 604, 605

Gunboats, Construction of during the Crimean War—Increase in the British Navy (ii), 585

Inaccuracies and misleading statements by First Lords of the Admiralty as to number of ships in each country, etc. (ii), 599, 604, 606, 616, 628

Total omission of block-ships from First Lord's numerical statement (ii), 601

Increase in British Armaments (ii), 598, 618

[749]

Ellenborough's, Lord, demand for seventy line of battle ships (ii), 614

Iron vessels, Supplementary estimate for (ii), 689

Largest estimates ever maintained in time of peace (ii), 598

Increase in French Armaments—French maritime ascendency, alleged;

Cobden's personal investigations as to naval preparations in France (ii), 633

Dalglish's, Mr., visits to France to investigate the progress in naval armaments (ii), 672

Enormous increase of the French Navy, alleged (ii), 591

Horse transport on the north coast of France—Huge preparations, alleged—Number of persons employed at Toulon dockyards (ii), 655

Investigations by Sir M. Peto and Mr. Lindsay respecting the actual state of the French Navy (ii), 673

Pakington's, Sir J., alarming speech in the House of Commons as to the number of ironclad ships being built (ii), 680

Inquiry by Commission into state of the French Navy in 1849, Result of, etc. (ii), 577, 644, 648

Inquiry by Committee into British Naval Estimates and comparative state of Navies of England and France (ii), 597—Report 605, 682

Iron Ships v. Wooden Ships

Adoption of iron for construction of war vessels, Advantages conferred on England (ii), 686

French programme of future naval constructions, Publication of (ii), 691

Increase in number of wooden vessels in England in spite of experiments as to the superiority of iron ships (ii), 638, 649, 675, 687, 688

Memorandum to Vis. Palmerston (ii), 700

Number of iron ships building in France—Sir J. Pakington's alarming speech in the House of Commons, etc (ii), 679, 686

Number of iron ships in the two countries compared (ii), 675, 687, 690, 691

Origin and progress of iron shipbuilding (ii), 684

Result of the rivalry — Great Britain in possession ot a wooden fleet which iwas worse than useless (ii), 700

Superiority of iron ships (ii), 670, 700, 701

Supplementary estimate for the building of iron ships in England (ii), 689

Withdrawal of wooden ships—Understanding between the two countries as to number of ships of the line possessed by each (ii), 712

Limiting rivalry between the two countries (ii), 698

Commercial treaty between the two countries—Possible fruits of the alliance (ii), 698

Disraeli's, Mr., suggestion (ii), 691

Practical atonement to France for the invasion panics (ii), 697

Reciprocity principle, Application of in adjusting naval forces of the two countries (ii), 702

Line of battle ships—Obsolete ships, alleged (ii), 588, 504

Abandonment of this class of ship by France and America—Opposition to further construction in England (ii), 638, 639

Commission of inquiry in France as to efficiency of this class of ship (ii), 589

Number owned by both countries (ii), 587, 675 (refer also to subheading Iron v. Wooden Ships)

Louis Philippe's reign—Strength of the Navy during (ii), 64

Manning of the Navy:

Maritime conscription in France, Working of (ii), 652, 653

[750]

Number of Seamen in the British and French Navies compared (ii), 539, 576, 596, 598, 651, 654, 657, 662, 674, 675

Supply of seamen for the British Navy (ii), 635, 636

Lyndhurst's, Lord, speech on the supply of seamen—Deplorable situation, alleged (ii), 647, 650

Merchant seamen, Attitude of towards joining the Navy (ii), 654

Number of men in excess of vote (ii), 650

Reserve, Formation of (ii), 651

Memorandum to Vis. Palmerston (ii), 700

Mercantile Marine of Great Britain, Utilising as addition to the defences of the country (ii), 563, 623

Napier's, Sir C., agitations, Alarm resulting from (ii), 589, 594, 595

Napoleon, Louis:

Augmentation of the British Navy following the election of Louis Napoleon as Emperor of France (ii). 569

Restoration of the French Navy attributed to Louis Napoleon (ii), 642

Strength of French Navy during Napoleon's presidency (ii), 588

Invasion panics, see that title—Second Panic, etc.

Packet ships, Comparisons between the ships of each country (ii), 603, 604

Palmerston's, Vis., agitation for construction of fortifications, augmentation of the Navy, etc. (ii), 546, 661

Peace Party agitation to put a stop to the rivalry (ii), 373, 374

Period intervening between the first and second panics, Reduction of expenditure in France (ii), 559

Public accounts system in France, difficulties in comparing the expenditure of the two countries (ii), 541, 542, 596

Rate of progress of construction of steamships—Number of ships launched by Great Britain between 1852 and 1858 (ii), 607

Review at Spithead on the termination of the Crimean War (ii), 584

Sailing ships of the line—Obsolete class of ship for purposes of war—Number of screw liners in the Navies of England and France, etc. (ii), 606

Scientific discoveries, Effect of, in rendering naval armaments obsolete—Opportunity for reciprocal arrangements between England and France as to amount of armament in substituting iron for wooden ships (ii), 703

Secret warlike preparations in France, alleged (ii), 543, 600

Security for peace was to be prepared for war maxim (ii), 348

Shipbuilding departments, see subheading Dockyards

Statements by First Lords of the Admiralty — Opinions expressed when in and out of office, contrast between (ii), 588, 612, note

Steam navigation, Effect of, on the character of naval warfare and on Great Britain's insular position, etc. (ii), 562, 565, 658, 660

Strength of the British and French Navies compared—Alarm as to British naval supremacy, etc. (ii), 544, 586, 590, 506, 597, 606, 625, 628, 629, 637, 647, 652, 662, 672, 675, 679

Assertion that France was attempting to rival us in ships of the line (ii), 676, 677

Comparative number of English and French battleships (ii), 608, 609, 610, 611

Double the number of British ships added compared with French (ii), 610, 611

[751]

Iron ships, see that sub-heading

Mode of comparing the two navies—Number of ships in commission in England compared with number of ships afloat in France (ii), 634

Number of seamen, number of ships in commission, amount of wages in dockyards, and total expenditure of the two countries—Statistics (ii), 539, 576. 590, 598, 623, 629, 662, 663

Unprecedented superiority of the British Navyin 1859 (ii), 628, 663

Syrian dispute. Effect of, on the increase of armaments (ii), 545

Tonnage:

Tonnage built in 1859 in the two countries (ii), 637

Total of, built in Great Britain in 1859 (ii), 623

Wooden ships, see sub-heading Iron v. Wooden Ships

Naval supremacy of Great Britain:

French Revolutionary Wars—Tyranny against foreign commerce, etc. (i), 229, 230, 249

Russian occupation of Constantinople would constitute her the first Naval Power in Europe, alleged (i), 188

(See also title Naval Armaments—Strength of the British and French Navies, etc.)

Naval Warfare:

Monster mortar for marine warfare—Mr. Nasmyth's invention (ii), 354

Steam Navigation, Effect of, etc., see Steam Navigation

Navy:

Dockyards:

Commission of Inquiry into management—Report, etc. (ii), 672 and note

(Refer also to title Naval Armaments)

Expenditure — Rivalry between Great Britain and France, see Naval Armaments

Increase in—Effect of an intermeddling policy in the affairs of Europe (i), 61

(See also Naval Armaments)

Seamen:

Demand for, Effect of—Advance of wages in the Merchant Service (i), 228, note

(See also Naval Armaments—Manning)

Ships — Converting into emigrant ships for the relief of Ireland proposed (i), 65

Neutrality in European disputes—(refer to Foreign Politics—Intervention by Great Britain)

Neutrals—International maritimelaw, see Maritime Law

New York Chamber of Commerce—Maritime law, proposals to substitute the fourth article of the Declaration of Paris (ii), 382

New York Courier and Engtnrer— “Traverse Atlantic” letter (i), 66

Newspaper Press:

Invasion of England by France—Alarm stimulated by leading London newspapers (ii), 571, 578

United States and Great Britain—Number of newspapers published in the two countries, etc., compared (i), 96, 97 and note

“No Foreign Politics” — Test for parliamentary candidates (i), 34

Non-intervention in European politics, see Foreign Politics—Intervention, etc.

North American Continent:

Balance of European Power—Exclusion of the North American Continent—Claims of the Turks to preference over the Christian rival (i), 210

Canada, see that title

United States of America, see that title

Odessa—Advance in wealth, trade, and population — Argument against Russians being anticommercial people (i), 28

Oratorical powers of Cobden, Powers of appeal to the public, etc. (i), lix

[752]

Osborne, Mr. B.—Commercial treaty between Great Britain and France — Promotion of good understanding between the two countries—Speech in the House of Commons (ii), 667

Paget, Lord C.—Speeches in the House of Commons on naval questions (ii), 588, 594, 620, 622

Paixhan's guns, Adoption of—Effect on the origin and progress of iron shipbuilding (ii), 684

First trial in actual combat—Crimean War (ii), 685

Pakington, Sir J.:

French naval armaments — Construction of iron ships alarm—Speech in the House of Commons (ii), 679

Navy Estimates brought forward by, 1859—Increase in armament, etc. (ii), 599, 621

Palmerston, Vis., and Palmerston Administrations:

Fortification scheme—Palmerston's statement in the House of Commons (ii), 655

French naval armaments—Attempt to equal or surpass Great Britain at sea, alleged (ii), 675, 678

Invasion of England by France apprehension — Vis. Palmerston's alarming speeches (ii), 630, 665, 692

Steam navigation had thrown a bridge across the Channel—Declaration in the House of Commons, etc. (ii), 658, 562, 565, 660, 661

“Sudden invasion” (ii), 564, 565

Naval armaments proposed by (ii), 594

Resignation of as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in 1852—Unauthorised expression of appreciation of the coup d'etat of Louis Philippe (ii), 560

Retaliatory duties threatened against Portuguese Government (i), 240, 241

Paper Currency:

Austria—Paper money ranging from 20 to 50 per cent, discount (ii), 510

French Revolutionary Wars — Creation of paper money during (ii), 352

Inconvertible paper money—Countries at war making use of—Result of the Assignais of France during the Revolutionary Wars (ii), 510, 511

Laws for the regulation of—Cobden's views on (i) xxxix

Relaxation of currency laws to meet the demands of the Crimean War — One pound note panacea, etc. (ii), 525

Russia—Coining paper money not according to the wants of the public, but to meet necessities of the Government—Depreciation of the currency, etc. (ii), 504, 507

Paper money and war—Curse and scourge of the working classes (i), 156 note

Paris:

Congress of 1856—United States counter - proposals to Europe as to the exemption of private property of belligerents from maritime capture, etc. (ii), 381, 382

Manufacturing industry — Number of operations, value of their produce, etc. (ii), 365

Parliamentary career of Cobden:

Reasons for entering Parliament—Representative of distinct principles, and of a great cause (i), xxiv

Seat lost by vote against the China War in 1857 (ii), 699 note

Parnell, Sir H., on wars undertaken for protection of commerce (i), 245

Peace Party:

Agitation against rivalry of warlike preparations between France and Great Britain (ii), 373, 374

Attacks on (ii), 339

[753]

France and Great Britain—Hostile tone of English Press against France — Peace Party movement to counteract the mischief (ii), 339

Peace at any price—Peace Party movement (ii), 339

Peel, Sir R., and Peel Administrations:

Armaments, Expenditure on (ii), 544

Invasion of England panics—Augmentation of armaments, etc. (ii), 552

Retrenchment in armaments in time of peace—“We must consent to incur some risk” (ii), 690

Corn Laws, Repeal of, Tribute to Cobden—“the name which ought to be chiefly associated with those services is the name of Richard Cobden” (i), xxxiv

French Steam Navy, Creation of—Commission appointed to visit British ports to investigate what was necessary for protection (ii), 587

Hastings', Sir T., opinion (ii), 659

Relations between Cobden and Peel — Long Parliamentary due), etc. (i), xxxiv

Steam navigation, Effect of the introduction on Great Britain's insular position (ii), 658, 660

Peninsular—British intervention in the affairs of Spain—Mistaken policy (i), 230 and note

Loan of arms by Great Britain would never be repaid (i), 252 note

Money which would have been better employed in constructing railroads in Ireland (i), 61

Peter the Great:

Menial workman in dockyards of Saardam and Deptford, act of devotion to the cause of commerce and civilisation (i), 140

Reforms given to Russia by (i), 172

Peto, Sir M.:

Despatch of agent to France to investigate the state of the French Navy (ii), 693

Steam navigation, Achievements of—Effect of on naval warfare (ii), 660

Pitt:

Commercial policy of—Value of the Levant trade, etc. (i), 243 note

French Revolution and the Great War that followed—Pitt's responsibility for the war, etc. (ii), 299 and note, 320

Pitt Clubs—“Ships, Colonies and Commerce,” toast (i), 221 and note

Poland, State of—Misrepresentation as to barbarizing tendency of all Russian encroachments—Condition of the Poles before and after the dismemberment (i), 165

Anarchy, bloodshed, and famine of the past two centuries (i), 170

Condition of the Poles under Russian rule (i), 174

Conduct of the partitioning Powers towards the Poles (i), 165

Division of Poland, Justification for (i), 158

English writers and politicians—Misrepresentations as to the state of Poland under Russia—Mistaken sympathy for the Poles, etc (i), 165, 171, 178, 180

Extracts from Lardner's Cabinet Encyclopaedia (Appendix) (i), 265

Fate of Poland — Triumph of justice (i), 172, 173

Improvements — Progress and wealth under Russian rule (i), 175

Insurrection of 1830:

Explanation of (i), 176

Povei ty and weakness of Russia shown in putting down the Insurrection (i), 188

Internal improvements under Russian rule (i), 175

New Constitution of 1572 framed by the nobles—Exclusive of all benefit from the mass of the people (i), 168

[754]

Nobility:

Nation constituted by—The rest of the inhabitants were millions of serfs (i), 168, 169

Responsibility of, for the Insurrection of 1830(1), 176

Polish refugees in England—Disapproval of lectures on Polish history which had been made by the refugees (i), 178 note

Property, Right to possess by the people—Result of Russian rule (i), 174, 175

Religious discord, Horrors of, (i), 171, 172

Republic of Poland — Despotism hundred times worse than that of Turkey (i), 171

Russian severity directed against the nobility, and not the people (i), 178

Slavery, Abolition of under Russian rule (i), 174

Trade and manufacture was in the hands of Germans and Jews, because the nobles had no recourse to commerce (i), 178

War—Devastation and bloodshed was the only fashionable occupation of the nobility (i), 168

Polignac, Prince, and his confederates—British intervention with French Government in behalf of, proposed (i), 195 note

Political economy, see Economic Science

Poor Law as a remedy for Ireland, Absurdity of, (i), 63, 64

Population:

European Empires, Population of—Relative densities — Malte-Brun's statistics (i), 135

Increase in, in Great Britain:

Comparison between the future prospects of United States and Great Britain (i), 79, 80 and note

Necessity for, as a means of increasing the wealth of the country in order to support the National Debt (i), 108, 109, 113, 114

Portsmouth, Defenceless state of, alleged—Invasion of England panics (ii), 344

Portugal—British trade with, compared with cost of naval escort — Augmentation of duties upon British goods by the Government of Lisbon (i), 240, 243

Press, sec Newspaper Press

Price of food, see Food

Private property at sea—International maritime law, see Maritime Law

Programme of Cobden:

Criticism in reference to the class of question—Accused as going beyond his province, discredited as an enthusiast, etc. (i), xxxvi, xxxviii

List of objects in view (i), xxxix

Measures excluded (i), xl

Prophecies and anticipations which have not been fulfilled, Search for, in Cobden's writings in the hope of shaking faith in the soundness of his Trade Policy (i), xii

Property, Right of, see Labour and Property, Rights of

Prosperity:

Catholic and Protestant countries, Prosperity compared (i), 43, 44. 45, 46

Free Trade, Prosperity of Great Britain due to (ii), 556, 580

Growth of exports, diminution of pauperism, etc. (i), x

Material prosperity the sole aim, Misrepresentation of Cobden's views (i), xix

Protection of commerce—Armed protection, pretence for wars and enormous standing armaments—Wasteful misdirection of the industry of the State

Address of King William IV. to his Reformed Parliament 1836 (i), 217

Cheapness — Extension and protection of commerce depended upon the cheapness of its manufactures (i), 36, 37, 219, 225, 234, 246

[755]

Colonies—Amount of naval force on the West India station, etc. (i), 241

Comparative relation between British and continental manufactures—Manchester Chamber of Commerce investigation (i), 219

European War, Probable effect of another war (i), 249

Exports of British goods, Value of—Comparisons with the Expenditure on Armaments (i), 237

Force—Influencing traffic of the world by force (i), 246

Brute violence, Inefficiency of, in the trading concerns of the world (i), 226

French Revolutionary Wars — Tyranny by Great Britain against foreign commerce (i), 229, 230, 249

Gibraltar market closed to England by the interdict of dearness in spite of its fortress and triple lines of batteries, etc. (i), 226, 227, 228, 255

Invasion of England apprehension—Result of the want of knowledge of human nature, etc. (i), 235

Manufactures—The commerce of the country was its manufactures, value of this commerce to England (i), 218

Manufacturing competition, Commencement of — Result of British brute force during the French Revolutionary Wars (i), 229

National Expenditure—Double the amount of the whole of exports (i), 229

Naval and military armaments, Expenditure on (i), 85, 86, 87, 105

Extent of British naval armaments (i), 237, 239 and notes

Increase in Naval Estimates (i), 217, 225

Naval force stationed in the Mediterranean, Failure of, to prevent Saxony and Switzerland superseding England in the manufacture of calico prints and drills (i), 226

Reduction of, application of the reduction to abolition of import duties, proposed (i), 228, 239 note

Ships of war and military forces Occupied in Defending British Trade (i), 224

Parting word between the author and the reader as to advocating peace, economy, and a moral ascendency over brute violence (i), 257

Portugal, British trade with — Amount of, compared with cost of escort (i), 240, 243

Proof that armed fleets and armies were not essential to the extension or protection of commerce (i), 226, 237

“Ships, Colonies and Commerce” motto, Substituting “Cheapness” for (i), 221

Turkey—Cost of protection of British commerce (i), 243, 244, 245, 249 note

United States of America:

Commerce carried on between United States and Great Britain needed no armaments as its safeguard (i), 224

Rivalry of, with British manufactures (i), 222, 231

Expenditure on armaments compared with that of Great Britain (i), 238 and note, 239

Victory of “Cheapness,” Difficulties of achieving arising out of the cost of maintaining enormous armaments (i), 234, 235, 239

Wars undertaken for the protection of commerce, and their consequences (i), 245

Protestant religion—Prosperity of Protestant compared with Catholic countries (i), 43, 44, 45, 46

Prussia:

Population for each square league—Comparisons with Russia, France, and England (i), 135

[756]

Russian overland trade passing through Prussia during Crimean War, etc.—Allies' grievance against Prussia (ii), 476, 477

Taxation—Comparisons with Russia, France, and England (i), 136

“Wall of Tariffs”—Exclusion of British goods from the German markets (i), 107

(Refer also to title Germany)

Public accounts system in France—Expenditure on the Navy analysed (ii), 541, 542

Public Creditor—“Before you rob the Public Creditor send your throne to the pawn-shop” (i), 115

Public debt, see National Debt

Public expenditure, see National Expenditure

Public estimate of Cobden:

Losing hold—In some directions Cobden's principles were losing their hold on the public mind (i), xix

Public opinion changing, gravitating more and more in direction of Cobden's views (i), xxii, xxiii

Quakers—Courageous men who went from Clapham and Kingston to administer relief during the Irish famine and plague (ii), 378

Railway construction:

Ireland, see that title

United States and Great Britain—Number of miles laid down in the two countries compared (i), go, 91, 92, 93 and notes

Difficulties of getting Bills through the House of Lords, Effect of on construction of railways in England (i), 93

Rathcormac tithe tragedy — Extract from Dublin newspaper (i), 48

Raw material:

Cotton — Dependence of Great Britain on supply from United States (i), 79 and note

French manufacturing industry—Dependence of France on England for raw material, argument against the prospects of war between the two countries (ii) 358

Silk manufacture in France, Amount of raw material imported since 1792 (ii), 302

(See also Coal, Iron, etc.)

Reciprocity principle, Application of in adjusting naval armaments between Great Britain and France (ii), 702

Reciprocity treaties:

Aim of, absurdity from Free Trade point of view (i), liii

Commercial treaty with France—Charge against Cobden of reviving the Reciprocity Policy (i), liii

Recruiting for the Army—Difficulties of obtaining recruits among urban population, etc. (ii), 516

Reed, Mr.—Lecture on iron-armoured ships (ii), 684

Religion:

Roman Catholicism, see that title

Russia—Toleration of the Greek Church, etc. (ii), 492, 493

Religious Equality in Holland—Causes of commercial prosperity (i), 71 and note

Religious Persecution of the Irish—Irish Church Question (i), 50, Si, 52, 53

Republican institutions — United States form of government was not suitable to the English character (i), 101, 102

Retaliation Policy:

Balfour's, Mr., reasons for the proposed return to a system of retaliation (i), xiii

Palmerston's Vis., threat against the Portuguese Government (i), 240, 241

Revenue—Tax on corn was not objected to as a means of revenue (i), 116 and note

Rifle Corps, see title Volunteer Rifle Corps

[757]

Rochdale—Representation of in Parliament—Cobden elected during absence in America (ii), 699 note

Roman Catholicism:

Abhorrence of change which characterised Catholic States (i), 47

Primary cause of the condition of Ireland as compared with England and Scotland (i), 43

Secular prosperity of nations retarded by (i), 43, 44, 45, 46

Zeal of the Irish people for their religion—Result of religious persecution in relation to the maintenance of the English Church in Ireland (i), 49

Rome—Modern Europe bore no resemblance in its moral condition to that of ancient Rome—Fear of Russian aggrandisem*nt (i), 258 note

Rouen—“Manchester of France” (i), 69

Russell, Lord J., and Russell's Administrations

France and Great Britain—Maintenance of armaments by Great Britain with a view of Offensive Operations, etc. (ii), 689

Maritime Law—United States proposal to exempt piivate property of belligerents from maritime capture (il), 383

Militia, Reorganisation of—Additional 5d. to the Income Tax, etc., arising out of the invasion of England panic (ii), 551, 554

Resignation of in 1852, and advent of Lord Derby (ii), 560

Work of in breaking up the protective system after the repeal of the Corn Laws (i), xxxiii

Russia:

Armaments—Expenditure on (ii), 500, 501

Attachment to country—Inhabitiveness characteristic of the Russians (ii), 485

Balance of Power, see that title

Caucasian tribes—Restoration of freedom and independence agitation — Interposition of Great Britain (i), 160

Characteristics of the Russians—Patriotism, religion, and love of country—Bearing of on the resisting power in connection with the Crimean War (ii), 485

Cobden's pamphlet on, object of, circulation of the pamphlet, etc. (ii), 274

Cobden's visit to Russia—Description of Russia and its people (ii), 475

Crimean War, sec that title

Customs revenue, Amount of — effect of the Crimean War on (ii), 467

Euxine—Russian influence in opening up navigation, etc. (i), 28, 30

Finances—Resources for prolonging the Crimean War (ii), 466, 496

Banks of issue founded by Catherine in 1768 (ii), 503

Banking system of Russia (ii), 503

Controversy between M. Leon Faucher and M. Tengoborski (ii), 499, 500, 501, 506, 508, 509

Effect of the war on income and expenditure (ii), 502

Expenses of the war, Ways and Means of providing for (ii), 508

Extraordinary internal resources (ii), 502

Income and expenditure (ii), 496, 499, 500

Investments in the funds of Western Europe (ii), 497

Loans from the capitalists of Western Europe — Necessity for to enable Russia to march an army across the frontier (ii), 497

National Debt—Interest of (ii), 509

Paper money, Coining not according to wants of the public, but to meet Government necessities — Depreciation of the Currency, etc. (ii), 504, 507

Less ruinous to an agricultural people than a manufacturing nation (ii), 508

[758] Political anarchy lor confusion was not the result (ii), 510

Reserve of bullion (ii), 506

Sources of revenue (ii), 500

Wealth of the Czar, Exaggerations as to (ii), 496

Fiscal Policy, sec sub-heading Protection

Foodstuffs, Supply of to the Countries of Western Europe—Effect of the cessation of Exports arising out of the Crimean War (ii), 528

Foreign Politics—Russians' objections to the Czar's interference in the politics of the West (ii), 486

Great Britain and Russia, sec subheadings Popular Delusion and Trade and Commerce, etc.

Greek Church, Toleration of—Places of worship for other denominations built at the expense of the Government (ii), 492, 493

Internal communications—Extraordinary facilities for long journeys by road and rail (n), 474

Intoxicating drinks, Revenue raised from—Increase in the consumption of liquor, etc. (ii), 500, 501

Manufacturing system, Attempt to force into artificial life, Effect of (ii), 469

Mortgages — Private mortgages hardly known in Russia (ii), 509

Moscow, Description of the city (ii), 465

Napoleon's invasion of Russia—Failure to take Moscow—Lesson to Allies in the Crimean War (ii), 465

Natural products of:

Cheap supply of all that constituted the main wants of an army (ii), 509

Nicholas, Personal character—Interference of in foreign affairs, etc. (ii), 486, 487

Nishni Novgorod Fair—Extent of internal and overland trade illustrated by (ii), 478

Commodities brought to the Fair (ii) 479

Peter the Great:

Menial workman in dockyards of Saardam and Deptford. Act of devotion to the cause of commerce and civilisation (i), 140

Reforms given to Russia by Peter the Great, the seeds of a Power which had grown to such greatness (i), 172

Population—Number of inhabitants living in towns, etc.— Supply of men for the Crimean War (ii), 514

Popular delusion and misrepresentation in Great Britain as to the effect of Russian aggrandisem*nt (i), 125 (ii), 487

Attwood's, Mr. T., Speech in the House of Commons on Russian encroachment (i), 153 note

Author's note (i), 258

British hatred towards Russia (i) 6, 125

Abuse of the Emperor Nicholas in the British Legislature (i), 180 note

Causes of Great Britain's attitude towards Russia (i), 181, 182

Stuart's, Lord D.,Speeches in the House of Commons (i), 154, 155.176 note, 182, 183 and note

British trade with Russia, see subheading Trade

Cobden's pamphlet on Russia, object of the pamphlet, etc. (ii), 274

Dardanelles, Occupation of by Russia—Exclusion of all trade from the Black Sea, etc., would follow, alleged (i), 27

Encroachments by Russia—Charges which could be equally applied to England (i), 153

Territory, Acquisition of by England and Russia during the last century compared (i), 153, 155 note

[759]

Exaggerated views respecting the power of Russia (i), 184

False assumption of Russian aggrandisem*nt (i), 158–164

Future growth of Russian dominion—Alarming picture given by Russo-Maniac orators (i), 182

Geographical position of Russia—Impediments in the way of Russia becoming a great naval power, etc. (i), 188, 189, 190, 193

Government of Russia — Comparisons with Turkey (i), 127

Indian Empire—Russian possession of Turkey a source of danger to Indian Empire, Absurdity of apprehension (i), 20

China, Non-invasion of, argument against the possibility of Russia invading India (i), 185

Mountain tribes—Result of Russian aggrandisem*nt—Encyclopccdia Britaiinica article on Caucasus (i), 160, 161

Opposite careers of aggrandisem*nt of Russia and England—Labour and improvement in Britain and territorial aggrandisem*nt in Russia—Relative consequences to the two Empires (i), 148, 149, 150

Population — Number of inhabitants per each equal league—Comparisons with Russia, France, and England (i), 135

Poverty and weakness of Russia—Lack of wealth necessary for warlike operations for the conquest of European nations, etc. (i), 183, 184, 185, 187 ; (ii), 498

Invasion of China proposed by Catherine—Expedition abandoned for the want of money (i), 186

Military forces—Inability of Russia to concentrate and support an army—Invasion of Russia by Bonaparte illustration (i), 184, 185

Poland Insurrection illustration (i), 188

Weakness exemplified in its uncultivated surface, its scattered position and uncivilised people, etc. (i), 184

Rise of commerce of St. Petersburg unparalleled in Europe (i), 14, 15

Russian influence, Result of over conquered territory (i), 158, 159, 160, 161

Size of the Russian Empire—Wonder and alarm excited by (i). 134, 135. 136, 137, 147, 191

Trade and commerce, Popular delusion that Russia was an anti-commercial nation, see subheading Trade and Commerce

Universal sovereignty as the ultimate aim of Russia, alleged (i), 182

Difficulties in the way of—Nature's boundaries for different communities (i), 191, 192

War with Russia—Great Britain had no pretence, consistent with reason or justice, for going to war with Russia (i), 193

Warlike people—Russians were the least warlike people in the world (ii), 487, 488

(See also titles Poland and Turkey)

Protection v. Free Trade—Effect of Protectionist Policy and its bearing on the Crimean War (ii), 468

Advantages of Protection in time of war (ii), 471, 472

Agriculture, Sacrifice of to the protective interests of manufactures (ii), 469, 470

Asia, Overland trade with—Tea and furs brought overland from from China, Siberia, etc. (ii), 480

Capital of older Countries, Development of new Countries dependent on (ii), 473

[760]

Commencement of the Protectionist Policy (ii), 468

Commercial interests between England and Russia, Preservation of peace by—Advantages of Free Trade (ii), 472, 473

Imports and exports, Amount of compared with home trade, (ii), 477

Injury caused by attempting to force a manufacturing system into artificial life (ii), 469

Internal communications in Russia—Overland route of exports and imports (ii), 476

Most restrictive tariff in Europe, with the exception of France (ii), 471

Natural industries of Russia (ii), 471

Prosperity of the country retarded by Protection (ii), 471

Railway connecting Moscow with the Crimea, Effect of on the invasion of the Crimea (ii), 473

Raw material—Independence of Russia on maritime trade (ii), 479

Seaports, Creation of under Free Trade, Effect of on the war (ii), 471, 472

Tea and furs, Supply of by, overland route from China, Siberia, etc. (ii), 480

Working of the system (ii), 469

Public appointments, Germans holding in Russia (ii), 490

Religious feeling in Russia and its bearing on the Crimean War—Crimean War a religious war, etc. (ii), 491

Regaining for their religion the ascendency over countries subjected to Mussulman rule (ii), 493

Shipping interest—Maritime commerce of Russia carried on in foreign bottoms—Ineffectiveness of blockade during Crimean War (ii), 481

Taxation—Relative taxation of Prussia, France, and England compared with Russia (i), 136

Trade and commerce—Popular delusion in Great Britain that Russia was an anti-commercial nation, etc. (i), 142, 143

British trade with Russia:

Comparison with British trade with Turkey (i), 10, 14, 145

Cotton exports, Amount of (i), 151 note

Shipping at Odessa statistics (i), 29

Facts proving the opposite to be the case (ii), 28, 29, 30, 142, 143

Imports and exports, Amount of, comparisons with home trade (ii), 477

Laws for the encouragement of trade (i), 143, 144

Odessa, Advance of in wealth, trade, and population—Argument against the Russians being an anti-commercial people (i), 28

Protection v. Free Trade, see that sub-heading

Russia, Turkey, and England, Pamphlet on:

Advertisem*nt and note (i), 122

Object of the pamphlet—Effect produced by, etc. (i), 122 note

Russian politics—Pamphlet on England was not written with the view of advocating Russian politics (i), 37 note

St. Petersburg—Rise in Commerce unparalleled in Europe (i), 14

Saunderson, Mr.—Lord Mayor of London—Statements in the House of Commons (1792) as to alleged plot to surprise the Tower of London (i), 124

Savings Banks—Amount of deposits in Banks of the United Kingdom (i), x, 114

Saxony manufactures—Superiority as to quality and cheapness to British manufactures (i), 219, 226, 227, 228, 255

Science, Application of to the process of human destruction—Mr. Nasmyth's invention, etc. (ii), 354, 355

[761]

Scott Russell, Mr., on ironclad ships, origin of the introduction of iron plates, etc. (ii), 686, 687 tiole

Seamen—Manning the Navy, sec title Naval Armaments

Shannon—Finest river in the United Kingdom (i), 40

“Ships, Colonies and Commerce” motto, substituting “Cheapness” for (i), 221 and note

Silk manufacture in France:

Raw material, Importation of—Increase in since 1792 (ii), 362

Superiority of French manufacture over British manufacture (ii), 356, 361

Slave Trade:

Clarkson's agitation against—Tribute to (ii), 375

Great Britain's attempt at putting down—Excessive Navy kept up for, etc. (i), 83 note

Smith, Adam:

British Colonial Policy, Opinions as to (i), 25

Connection in Smith's mind between the facts of science and the social laws which gave them meaning (i), xxvi

Society for Promulgating beneficent truths of the “Wealth of Nations”—Regret that no such Society had been formed (i), 25, 26

Smyrna, Effect of barbarism and indolence of the Turkish rule on (i), 18

Social Condition of the People:

Continental countries, Comparisons with the masses of the English people (ii), 375

Necessity for the English people to turn their attention to their own position instead of interfering in foreign affairs (ii), 374, 375

Somerset, Duke of—Speech in the House of Lords in reply to Lord Lyndhurst's attack as to national defences against French invasion (ii), 649

South America:

Balance of European Power system, Exclusion of the South American States from (i), 212 and note

Independence of—Canning's declaration, “Calling into existence a new world to adjust the balance of the old” (i), 213

Spain:

Abhorrence of the Spanish people of change, which characterised all Catholic States (i), 47

Great Britain's intervention in the affairs of Spain — Mistaken policy (i), 230 and note

French invasion:

Great Britain coming to the rescue of Spain while famine and pestilence was raging in Ireland (i), 59, 60

Loan of Arms by the British Government would never be repaid (i), 250 note

Trans-Atlantic ambition—Miserable Spectacle of a Nation resulting from (i), 21

Spanish, Marriages question—Rupture between England and France, Effect of on increase of armaments (ii), 548

Spectator — Invasion of England by France panic, Sir W. Molesworth's remonstrance as to a sudden invasion without a declaration of war, etc. (ii), 356 note, 550

Spenser on the state of Ireland, Quotations from (i), 30 note, 47, 48, 72, 73 note

Spithead — Naval Review on the termination of the Crimean War, Display of Steam Gunboats, etc. (u), 584

Spoliation, see title Labour and Property, Rights of—Violation

Standing armaments—Pretence for maintaining enormous standing armaments, see titles Armaments, Naval Armaments, and Protection of Commerce

State affairs—Application of same rules of common sense to as were applied to individual undertakings (i), 242

[762]

State of the nation in 1801—Extract from Mr. Grey's (afterwards Lord Grey) speech in the House of Commons (i), 157

State policy—Resolving questions of State policy into matters of pecuniary calculation (i), 238 note

States system of Europe, refer to Balance of Power

Statesman—Cobden a statesman in the highest sense of the term (i), lxi, lxii

Steam engine, Invention of—Effect of compared with all the wars since the beginning of time (i), 148

Steam navigation—Effect of on the character of naval warfare, Effect of on Great Britain's insular position, etc.

Bridging the Channel:

Palmerston's, Vis., declaration in the House of Commons (ii), 562, 565

Peel's, Sir R., statement that steam navigation had bridged the Channel for the purpose of aggression, etc. (ii), 658

Statement inaccurately attributed to Sir R. Peel (ii), 660, 661

Facilities for offence rather than defence (ii), 658

Steamship communication with America, see Trans-Atlantic Steamship Communication

Stevens, Mr., on origin of the introduction of iron plates for naval ships (ii), 686

Strength of nations estimated according to their armaments—Common error among statesmen (i), 105

True source of national greatness was labour and improvement (i), 147, 203, 256, 258

Stuart, Lord D.—Speeches in the House of Commons:

Invasion of England by France panic (i), 124

Napoleon's regard for the Balance of Power in Europe (i), 202 note

Russian encroachments, etc. (i), 154, 155. 176, 182, 183 and note, 184

Stuart's work on America—Rejection of by Lincoln Mechanics' Institute (i), 77 note

Suffrage, Extension of — Cobden's views (i), xi, xii

Sugar duties—Discriminating duties on West Indian sugar, Abolition of—Effect of on the plea of defending the Colonies (i), 22

Supremacy of Great Britain at sea, see Naval Supremacy

Switzerland:

Catholic and Protestant population—Industry and prosperity of the people compared (i), 44, 45

Manufactures—Superiority of as to quality and cheapness to British manufactures (i), 219, 226, 227, 228, 255

Syria:

Effect of Turkish rule on—Deserted waste (i), 16

France and Great Britain, Rupture between in 1840 — Effect of on increase of armaments (ii), 545

Talleyrand's, M. de, mission to London during the French Revolution, Object of, etc. (ii), 311

Tariff, see titles Free Trade, Corn Laws, Discriminating Duties, etc., also Names of Foreign Countries—Protection, etc.

Taxation:

Basis of—Indirect taxation, etc.:

Object in imposing a tax, Superiority of a direct tax (i), xlvii

Only method of taxing the masses argument (i), xlvii

Remission of, the first object in financial reform — Cobden's views (i), xxxix, xlvi

Reversal of policy which ruled from 1842, owing to extravagance in peace expenditure (i), xvi

Threefold objection to indirect taxes (i), xlvii

[763]

Burden of taxation brought about by Great Britain's intervention in European affairs (i), 9

Colonial Empire, Acquisition and maintenance of, Effect of on taxation of the English people (i). 21, 25

Manufactures of Great Britain retarded by—Necessity for reduction of taxation to meet foreign competition (i), 220

National Debt, set that title

Russia, Prussia, France, and England—Relative taxation compared (i), 136

United States and Great Britain: Comparisons between taxation burdens of the two countries (i), 82, 83, 84, 85 (refer also to United States—Rivalry)

Taxes on knowledge—Comparisons between United States and Great Britain in relation to education (i), 96

Tengoborski, M., and M. Leon Faucher — Russian finances Controversy (ii), 499, 500, 501, 506, 508, 509

Territorial conquests made by Great Britain during past century:

Balance of Power, Working of the system, (i), 200, 201

Enlargement of the British Empire at the expense of other countries (i), 153, 154, 155

England had acquired three times as much territory as Russia during the last century (i) 155 note

Thiers, M.:

Armaments necessary to maintain peace, (ii) 348

Cotton industry of France, Growth of (ii), 360

Great Britain's Responsibility for the French War of 1793 (ii), 330

Praise due to the Revolution of 1789 (ii), 331, 332

Thomas, C. P., on British and continental manufactures, Comparative relation (i), 219

Three Panics, see Invasion

Timber duties—Canadian exporters of timber, Privileges accorded to (i), 22

Times—Cobden's pamphlet on Russia first published in (ii), 274

Tithes Question, Ireland—Religious persecution of the Irish people (i), 50, 51, 52, 53

Tory Party—Reversal of condemnatory policy, resolution in the House in 1852 in favour of Cobden's Free Trade Principles (i), ix.

Tour through Europe made by Cobden, Interest and attention roused by (i), xxxvi

Tournefort—Condition of the people in Turkey (i), 58 note

Tower of London, Plot against, alleged—Lord Mayor's statement in the House of Commons (1792) (i), 124

Towns, Inhabitants of:

Superior courage, compared with rural population (ii) 516

Supply of men from towns as recruits for large movable armies—Physical and economical obstructions in the way of (ii) 515, 516

Trade and Commerce—British trade, etc.:

Altered circ*mstances of the last century which made the “States system” inapplicable to to-day—Rise and paramount importance of commercial America, etc. (i), 122 (refer also to titles Balance of Power, Foreign Politics, etc.)

Annihilation of British trade — Absurdity of apprehension—Napoleon's war against British commerce illustration (i), 11, 30, 36, 106

China, see that title

Commerce was the grand panacea—It was the means by which civilisation was spread (i), 36

Continental trade — Comparisons between British and United States trade with the Continent (i) 214

[764]

Defence of British Commerce—Wars undertaken for, in spite of the fact that trade never could be forced (i), 10, 11, 36, 104 (referalso to title Protection of Commerce)

Exclusion of British fabrics by Continental Countries—Countries for whose independence Great Britain had fought (i), 107

Foreign competition, sec title Competition

Foreign customers—What induces them to come to the English market—Cheapness, not friendship (i), 36, 37, 219, 225, 234, 246

Foreign trade — British trade exceeded that of any other commercial nation (i), 146

French rivalry in manufactures, see Manufactures

Imports and export statistics (i), 12, 13, 14 ; (ii), 362, 364

Value of exports — Expenditure on armaments compared (i), 237

Ireland — Restrictions placed on commerce by England, Effect of (i), 41

Levant, Comparative value of British trade in, etc. (i), 243 and note

Manufactures, see that title, also Cotton Manufactures, etc.

Peace, Preservation of, by commercial interests between nations — Advantages of Free Trade over Protection (ii), 472, 473

Prosperity of the country arising out of Free Trade, exports doubled in five years, etc., see Prosperity

Russia and Turkey, British trade with the two countries compared, see title Russia—Trade

Supremacy of Great Britain—Russian occupation of Constantinople, Danger of, etc. (refer to title Turkey)

Treaty of Commerce between Great Britain and France, see title France — Great Britain and France

United States — Rivalry between United States and Great Britain, see United States of America

Trans-Atlantic steamship communication:

Arrival and departure of steamers twice a week between England and America predicted (i), 68

Cobden's views on — Importance to Ireland of Trans-Atlantic steam-packet stations (i), 4

Direct communication between Ireland and America predicted (i), 68

Irish Trans-Atlantic packet station first one established at Galway (i), 68 note

Steamship crossed the Atlantic from Savannah to Liverpool in 1819 (i), 08 note

Time of passage from New York to Liverpool (25 days) (i), 214 note

Turkey—

Balance of Power, see that title

Condition of the people—No beggars to be seen in the streets—Comparison with the condition of the Irish people (i), 58 and note

Natural products of (i), 15

State of Turkey—Great Britain's policy in aiding to maintain the status quo of Turkey against possible Russian encroachments (i), 6, 208, 209

Aggrandisem*nt of a Christian Power at the expense of Turkey, even should that Power be Russia, advocated (i), 26

Answers to the objections to the aggrandisem*nt of Russia (i), 142

Balance of Power in Europe—Turkey as member of the European system, see title Balance of Power

Barbarism and corruption—Not one European custom had been adopted by the Turks, etc. (i), 207, 208, 209

Character of the Turks and Russians compared (i), 144

[765]

Civilisation and progress made by Russia compared-with Turkey (i), 140

Cobden's Pamphlet on, Objects of the pamphlet — Cobden's views on the question, etc. (i), 122

Commerce—Turkish aversion and contempt for trade (i), 132

Dangers, Alleged, which threatened England as the consequence of the possession of Constantinople by Russia

Anti-commercial nation, Russia as, alleged (i), 142, 143

British commerce, banger to—Amount of trade carried on with Russia and Turkey compared (i), 10, 14, 144, 145, 147, 228, 243

Fear of the danger of an eruption of its people into Western Europe and the possibility of another destruction of civilisation, etc. (i), 258 note

Financial transactions could only be carried on through the medium of England—Russia could not seclude herself from the trade of the rest of the world (i), 145, 146

Indian Empire, Danger to (i), 19, 20, 185

Nature of the population—Tribes such as Circassian and Georgians designated by the alarmist writers as “Nations” (i), 137

Naval Power—Russia would become the first Maritime Power—Geographical difficulties of erecting a Naval Power in the Baltic, etc. (i), 188, 189, 190

Power and wealth which Russia must obtain to constitute herself a danger to England (i), 138, 139

Taxation — Disadvantageous position of Russia (i), 136

Size of Russia—Vastness of territory—Wide-spread character of the population—Wonder and alarm excited by, etc., 134, 147, 191

United States of America was the danger to the supremacy of Great Britain, not Russia (i), 151 and note

Decay and ruin throughout Turkey of what was once more fruitful than the richest plains of Sicily—Causes of, etc. (i), 128

Comparisons with Russian civilisation (i), 251

Extracts from various writers illustrative of the condition of Turkey—Appendix (i), 260–264

What Turkey might become could the population of the United States be substituted for the Mahomedans (i), 16 17, 18

Education and learning — All learning outside the Koran despised by the Turks (i), 130

Finland, Conquest of hy Russia—Results of—Why did not the same results follow the conquest of Turkey ? (i), 139, 141

Imputed virtues of the Turks—Charity, etc. (i), 134

Interest of England argument (i), 127, 142

Internal improvements, Neglect of (i), 130

Internal interference with the Ottoman territory by Great Britain—Russian and Austrian jealousy, etc. (i), 32

Invasion of Turkey by Russia was not advocated by Cobden (i) 251

Motives for defending the Turkish territory (i), 8

Religion of the Turks—Fanatic and brutalising religion (i), 129, 130, 131

Subjugation of Turkey by Russia—Probable consequence of—England the gainer, and not the sufferer by the event (i), 126

[766]

Superiority of the Government of Russia to that of Turkey (i), 127

Territory governed by the Turks in the past—History of Turkish conquests, etc. (i), 128

“Trifling succour” which Great Britain was called on to render Turkey (i), 31

Urquhart, Mr. D.—Influence of on the public mind as to the Russo-Turkish Question (i), 125 note

Pamphlet, Quotations from (i), 7, 8, 9, jo, 14, 19, 27, 31

Wallachia and Moldavia—Condition of arising out of Turkish misgovernment (i), 162

War between Great Britain and Russia in defence of Turkey, Protest against (i), 249, 253, 256

England had no interest in the preservation of Turkey (i), 250, 251, 256

Turkish conquests, History of (i), 127, 128

Union of European States (refer to Balance of Power)

United States of America:

Balance of European Power—Exclusion of the North American Continent (i), 210, 213

Civil War:

Cobden's interest in the controversy, predictions of triumph, etc. (i), lxii

Combat between Motiiloi and Mcrrimac—Attempt to create in Great Britain an invasion panic (ii), 700

Cobden's visit to (i), 4

Great Britain and United States:

British exports to—Mutual Dependence of England and America, etc. (i), 79, 80 and note, 222, 223

Commercial rivalry, see sub-heading Rivalry

Wilks's, Captain, seizure of American citizens from the deck of a British vessel incident—Prospect of war between America and Great Britain (ii), 692

European Powers' disapproval of Captain Wilks's action (ii), 694

Jews—American toleration of (i), 51 and note

Mineral resources — Europe surpassed in its rich beds of coal, etc. (i), 152 note

New York Chamber of Commerce—Maritime Law, Proposals to substitute the fourth article of the Declaration of Paris (ii), 382

Rise and paramount importance of from commercial point of view—Altered circ*mstances of European affairs which made it necessary for a change in Foreign Policy of Great Britain (i), 122

Rivalry between United States and Great Britain — Commercial rivalry which in all probability would place Great Britain second in the rank of nations (i), xiv

Aristocracy, Attitude of towards America—Prejudiced party (i), 76

Armaments, Expenditure on compared (i), 82 and note, 83, 84, 85, 238 and note

Armour-cased vessels, Expenditure on during the Crimean War (ii), 700

Navy, Augmentation of—Effect of the inflated armaments of Great Britain (ii), 534

Books and papers giving favourable pictures of America excluded from libraries and news-rooms in England (i), 77 and note

Cheap diplomacy—Comparisons with the expensive diplomacy of Great Britain (i), 108

Cheapness the one element in the competition (i), 222

[767]

Commerce with countries of Europe — Comparisons with British trade (i), 214

Commercial connection between the two countries (i), 77, 78

Cotton manufacture:

Amount of capital employed in—Competition with British fabrics in the Mediterranean, etc. (i), 88, 89

Rise and progress in United States (i), 232

Education, Universality of—Superior rank of civilisation and power the ultimate outcome (i), 94, 95, 96 and note

Foreign politics, Intervention by Great Britain at the sacrifice of the commercial interests of the country (i), 85, 86, 104

Government of the United States was the best in the world (i), 101 and note

Holland and Great Britain—Parallel cases (i), 89

Indifference displayed by Great Britain towards growth of wealth and power in America (i), 76

Industry, economy and peaceful policy of America was England's d

Confirmation of views previously expressed, result of a visit to America, etc. (i), 151 and note

Manufactures, United States competition (i), 87

Establishment of manufactures as the result of British tyranny against foreign commerce during the French Revolutionary Wars (i), 231, 232, 233

Mechanical genius of the Americans and British compared (i), 89

Mercantile Marine, Comparisons between the two countries—Amount of expenditure on the Navies of the two countries, etc. (i), 82, 83, 84

National Debt, Discharge of—Disadvantages which Great Britain would liave to encounter in competing with the untaxed labour of the inhabitants of America (i), 81, 106

National expenditure of the two countries, Comparisons between (i), 82–85

Newspaper Press, Superiority of over that of Great Britain—Number of newspapers published in the two countries etc. (i), 96, 97 and note

Old school and new schools of traders—Relative positions of the two great Commercial Naval Rivals (i), 98, 99

Railway construction—Contrast between the number of miles laid down in the two countries (i), 90, 91, 92, 93 and note

Republican institutions were unsuited to Great Britain—Democracy formed no element in the materials of English character (i), 101, 102 and note

Survival of Great Britain lay in adopting American examples (i), 103

Taxation burdens compared (i), 81, 82, 83, 84, 85

Trades of the two countries, comparisons between—Population and export statistics (i), 79, So and note

Unparalleled advance of the United States in wealth and population (i), 79

Separation of from the Mother Country

Obtaining merely with a view to escape payment of money due to English creditors, alleged (i), 76

Result of—Increased commercial intercourse with the Mother Country (ii), 286

Trans-Atlantic steamship communication, see that title

[768]

Turkey, substituting United States population for the inhabitants of Turkey—Results which would probably follow (i), 18, 19

Urban Population, see Towns

Urquhart, Mr.—Formerly Secretary of tlie English Embassy at Constantinople:

“England, France, Russia, and Turkey” pamphlet, Quotations from (i), 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 19, 27, 31

Russo-Turkish Question—Mr. Urquhart's influence on the public mind (i), 125

Usury laws, Working of during the Great French War (ii), 525

Valentia, Island of—Nearest point of land in Europe to America (i), 66

Vanity—Characteristic of the English race (i), 9

Vast and scattered Empire of Russia, see Russia—Popular Delusion and Misrepresentation, etc

Verney, Sir H.—Speech in the House of Commons on Russia and the Balance of Power (i), 125, note

Vienna Conference—Austria's offer to resist attack by Russia upon Turkey, etc.—Bearing of on the Crimean war (ii), 532

Volunteer Rifle Corps, Establishment of — Result of invasion of England by France panic (ii), 629

Vorula, Gulf of—Cost of British Fleet in (i), 30

Wallachia and Moldavia, State of arising out of Turkish misgovernment (i), 162

War, Evils of—Blessings of peace, etc. (ii), 528

Abstracting labour from productive employment, etc. (ii), 525

Balance of Power in Europe—Fruitless wars undertaken to maintain the Balance of Power, see Balance of Power

Bankruptcies in time of peace and war compared (i), 248

Best security for peace was to be prepared for war — Maxim which could only apply to nations of antiquity, etc.—Lord Aberdeen on, 1849 (ii), 348, 349

Burmese War, see that title

Causes (under her own control) which render a country liable to war (i), xlv

Chemistry, Power of, Application to the purpose of war—Safeguard against future triumph of savage hordes over civilised countries (i), 259

Colonies—Wars undertaken on behalf of under the delusion that the Colonies were profitable acquisitions (i), 156 and note

Commercial interests between nations, Preservation of peace by—Advantages of Free Trade over Protection (ii), 472, 473

Constitutional freedom—Education and civilisation were the outcome of peace (i), 35, 36

Crimean War, see Crimea

Defence of Commerce, wars undertaken for in spite of the fact that trade never could be forced (i), 10, ii, 36 (see also title protection of commerce)

Englishman's love of fighting — England had been the most combative and aggressive community (ii), 376

Striking the first blow—Boast of the English (i), 156 note

Expenditure on war:

Absorbing floating capital for, Evil results of (ii), 523

Great Britain's expenditure—Result of intervention in foreign politics (ii), 376

France, War with, sec France—Revolution, etc.

Free Trade the surest guarantee of peace (i), xrxix, 222

Improvements, labour, and discoveries — Greatest blessing conferred on a people by, and not by the sword of the conqueror, (i), 147, 203, 256, 258

[769]

Superiority of, over efforts of brute force and violence—Relative consequences of the opposite careers of aggrandisem*nt of Russia and England (i), 148, 149, 150

Interest of the middle and industrial classes in peace) (i), 34

International Maritime Law, sec Maritime Law

Invasion of England by France—Possibility of war between the two countries, sec Invasion

Loss of human life by all the wars of past ages (i), 246

Military heroes, Popularity of, in spite of the fact that the wars they had engaged in were unjust and unnecessary wars, sec Wellington

No Government had a right to plunge its people into hostility except in defence of their own national honour or interest (i), 8

Explanation of Cobden's views (i), xl, xli

Pretence for, sec titles Balance of Power, Protection of Commerce, etc.

Repetition of wars under the same circ*mstances and conditions, Arguments against (ii), 351

Result of war—No class or calling derived substantial or permanent advantage from war (i), 247, 250

Science, Application of, to the process of human destruction, costliness of wars compared with the past (ii), 354

Steam engine and other inventions, Effect of, compared with all the wars since the beginning of time (i), 148

Turkey—Great Britain going to war with Russia in defence of Turkey, Protest against (i), 249, 256

Whig Aristocracy of 1815, Attitude of, towards war (ii), 582 and note

War prices, Results of to agriculturists, etc. (i), 247, 248

War and paper money—Curse and scourge of the working classes (i), 156 note

Warlike preparations—Expenditure on armaments, sec titles Armaments and Naval Armaments

Warriors—Erection of monuments to in churches, etc.—Englishman's love of war, etc. (ii), 376, 377

Wathington, Major—On defence of Great Britain against possible French invasion (ii), 671 note

“Wastrel,” Definition of (i), 118 and note

Watt and Arkwright—Commanders in the war of improvement (i), 148

Wealth governs the world (i), 105

Wealth of Great Britain—Mineral riches were the secret of her wealth, not the growth of the soil (i), 111

“Wealth of Nations”—Formation of Societies in connection with—Regret that no such Society had been formed (i), 25, 26

Welby, Lord—Preface by (i), viii–xviii

Wellington, Duke of:

Alarms which characterised his old age:

Exhibition of 1851—Precautions against insurrection (ii), 341

Invasion of England by France apprehension—Letter written to Gen. Burgoyne in 1847 (ii), 340, 341

Death of:

Public attention carried back to wars with France, Revival of the old animosity between England and France, etc. (ii), 567

Sermon on the death of—Unsuitability of the Duke of Wellington's career as a subject for pulpit manifestations (ii), 276. 379

Duty, Wellington's strict performance of—Criticism of eulogistic references to (ii), 282, 283

Lavishing admiration upon warriors regardless of the cause to [770] which they may devote themselves (ii), 276, 281, 282

National defence, Letters on, Effect of in creating an invasion panic and augmenting armaments (ii), 548, 552, 560

Pagan honours paid to—He who fought the battle of tliat unrighteous coalition (ii), 334

West Indies:

Monopoly of trade to Canada (i), 23

Naval force, Amount of for protection of commerce (i), 241

Sugar — Discriminating duties “monstrous impolicy,” etc. (i), 22

“What Next—and Next?” (ii), 460, 461

Whigs:

Aristocracy of 1815, Attitude of towards war (ii), 582 and note

Failure of their foreign policy—State of Europe in 1834—Extracts from newspapers (i), 32, 33, 34 note

Wilks's, Capt, seizure of American citizens from the deck of a British vessel incident, see United States—Great Britain and United States

Windham, Mr.—War with France, Justification for (ii), 319

Wood, Sir C.:

Speeches in the House of Commons on the state of the British Navy (ii), 589

Vindication of his management of the Admiralty (ii), 612

Wool:

Exportation of from Ireland prohibited by England (i), 42

Foreign wools, Dependence of Yorkshire industry on (i), 111 note

Writings of Cobden:

First literary productions, etc. (i), 4

Purity of style, Example to students of English, etc. (i), xvii

Value of:

Investigation of principles which should be recognised in all measures regulating intercourse between nations (i), ix

Value of Cobden's pamphlets at the present day, notwithstanding change of circ*mstances, etc. (i), xviii, xxii

Wyndham's, Mr., Irish land measure confirmed and justified the policy of Cobden and Gladstone (i), xv

Yorkshire industry—Dependence of on foreign wools (i), in note