[715]
INDEX
(Compiled by Bailey's Indexing Offices, 12, Little College Street, Westminster, S.W.)
Aberdeen, Lord—Objection of to maxim that “best security for peace was to be prepared for war” (ii), 348, 349
Acquisition of territory by Great Britain, see Territorial Conquests
Adam Smith, see Smith
Admiralty, Board of, Mismanagement of:
Cry of alarm and resentment against France resulting from (ii), 639
Inquiry by Royal Commission into Management of Dockyards—Report, etc. (ii), 672 and note
Tardy movement of the Board in relation to construction of iron ships (ii), 675, 687, 688
Wasteful mismanagement of the Board, ignorance and incapacity, etc. (ii), 688
Advertisem*nts, Number of, in the untaxed newspapers of America (i), 100 and note
Aggression and foreign violence alleged against Great Britain—Working of the Balance of Power System (i), 200, 201
Agriculture:
Area of cultivated land in the United Kingdom (i), 112
Comparative condition of the Catholic and Protestant interest in Europe (i), 44, 45, 46
Labourers' wages during the Crimean War—Effect of the War on the labouring classes (ii), 527
Mineral riches, and not the growth of the soil, was the secret of Great Britain's wealth (i), 111
Wars, Result of, to agriculturists—Mistaken results of augmentation of prices (i), 247
Alien Bill — Burke's inflammatory speeches against France (ii). 318
Alsace—Depot of Manufacturing Industry carried on by Protestants—Industry and prosperity of Protestants compared with Catholics (i), 45
America, see titles North America, South America, and United States of America
Anderson, Mr.—Invasion of England by France danger—Utilising merchant steamers as a reserve force for defence purposes proposed—Motion in the House of Commons (ii), 563
Anti-Corn Law League, see Corn Laws
Appendices:
Extracts from writers illustrative of the condition of Turkey (i), 260, 264
Extracts from Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia (History of Poland) (i), 265–272
[716]
Third Invasion Panic—Rivalry between France and Great Britain in naval armaments, etc. (ii), 700
Arbitration between nations—Cobden's advocacy of (i), lxi
Aristocracy:
Church in Ireland—Impediments in the way of complete equality of religious privileges (i), 53
United States of America—Attitude of the English aristocracy towards—“Prejudiced Party” (i). 77
Aristocrat—Every Englishman from his birth was an aristocrat (i), 102
Specimens of aristocracy in low life at Bow Street—Costermonger objecting to his daughter marrying a chimney-sweep (i), 102 note
Arkwright and Watt—Peaceful exploits of compared with deeds of Nelson and Wellington (i), 148
Armaments:
European Armaments:
Europe had almost degenerated into a military barrack (ii), 349
Reduction of European naval armaments on the termination of the Crimean War proposed (ii), 536
Expenditure on warlike preparations by Great Britain:
Armed interference in foreign affairs, supposed duty of (i), xlvi
Amy, Navy, and Ordinal Expenditure for 1865 (i), 24 note
Cobden's attacks on—Public misconception of (i), xxxvi, xxvii, xliv
Councils of Europe—Maintaining Great Britain's position pretence (i), 194, 196
Crimean War, Termination of—Effect of on the military spirit in England—Great Britain had not only become a warlike, but a military nation (ii), 582
Exports, Value of compared with amount of expenditure (i), 237
First Class Military Power—British mistaken policy of ambition (ii), 519
Increase in Expenditure:
Cobden's, Mr., opposition to both in Parliament and out of doors (ii), 699 note
Great French War, see titles France — Revolution—Warlike Preparations, etc.
Increase in since 1835 (ii), 344, 345
Land forces, Increase in, 1859 (ii), 630 (sec also title Militia)
National mood in the latter part of the century would have grieved Cobden to the heart, the lesser expenditure of his own day being regarded as excessive (i), xi
Palmerstone's, Vis., Agitation during Sir R. Peel's Administration—Strength of military forces in France (ii), 661
Prosperity of the country, Increase in expenditure on armaments in proportion to prosperity (ii), 555 note
Protection of Commerce, see that title
Indian Army, Cost of (ii), 344 note
Intermeddling policy in the affairs of Europe, Effects of (i), 61
Invasion panics and their effect on the increase of expenditure on armaments, see Invasion
Ireland — Number of troops stationed in (i), 54
Large standing armies and navies—Not required under a system of international justice (i), xxxviii
Model economy of 1835—Duke of Wellington as a consenting party—Alteration of views in 1847, etc. (ii), 342
Protection of commerce as argument for maintaining enormous armaments, see title Protection of Commerce
Reduction in Armaments:
Cobden's efforts to effect (i), xliv, lii
[717]
Crimean War, Reduction on the termination of the war proposed (ii), 535, 536
Reductions in from 1847 to 1851—Period preceding the Second Invasion Panic (ii), 556
Retrenchment in time of peace—The country would have to consent to incur some risk (ii), 699 (see also title Naval Armaments)
France and Great Britain:
Augmentation of armaments in France—Alarm in England as to French invasion (ii), 572, 573, 574
Rivalry between as to naval armaments, sec title Naval Armaments
Strength of the military establishments in proportion to population (ii), 372
Large standing armies created by the system of the Balance of Power (i), 197, 210
Russia — Expenditure on armaments (ii), 500, 501
Strength of nations estimated according to its armaments—Common error among statesmen (i), 105
Superseding existing armaments—Discoveries leading up to—Argument against enormous standing armaments (ii), 700
United States and Great Britain:
Expenditure on armaments compared (i), 82 and note, 83, 84, 85
Naval armaments, Augmentation of—Rivalry with Great Britain (ii), 534
Armed protection of commerce, see Protection of Commerce
Army:
Supply of men—Obstacles in the way of raising large moveable armies for service in the field among population of towns—Supply of men for the Crimean War, etc. (ii), 515
Superior courage of inhabitants of towns (ii), 516
United Service Magazine on the state of the English Army from recruiting point of view (i≥), 519
Ashworth, Mr. H.—Cobden's Letter to (i), xlix ; (ii), 380–392 (for details see Maritime Law)
Asia:
British exports to (i), 13
Russian trade, refer to Russia
Attwood, Mr. T.—Speeches in the House of Commons on Russian encroachment (i), 153, 156 notes
Austria:
Affairs of—British intervention, Lord Brougham's speech in the House of Lords (i), 60 note
Crimean War:
Austria holding aloof from—Change of policy of the British Governmest suggested (ii), 531
Conciliation of Austria by Russia (ii). 532
Currency—Paper money ranging from 20 to 50 per cent- discount (ii). 510
France and Austria, Hostilities between in 1859—Attitude of Great Britain (ii), 613
French Revolution—Events which lead up to the Great French War, etc., see title France
Author's note on the pamphlets (i), 258
Bacon, Lord—Political maxims (i), 204 and note
Balance of Power—Origin, objects, and working of this system in Europe:
Altered circ*mstances which made the system unsuited to to-day—Rise and paramount importance of commercial America (i), 122
Armaments — Large standing armies created by the system (i), 196, 197, 210
Balance of power would always be held by the country which, in proportion to its powers, had economised its material resources to the highest point (i), xxxviii
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Council of Europe, Great Britain's position in maintenance of by keeping up enormous armaments, etc. (i), 104
Delusion that such a system was ever acceded to by the nations of Europe (i), 199
Dismemberment of European nations in spite of the alleged Constitution arising out of the Balance of Power (i), 199, 200, 202
Estimating the powers of the respective parties to the balancing system (i), 206, 211
Exploded fallacy (i), xlv
Failure of as a subject of peaceful diplomacy—Definitions of what the “Balance of Power” meant as given by International Law Authorities (i), 198, 199, 200; (ii), 533
First mention in speech from the throne on the opening of Parliament (i), 196
Free development of the natural forces the only means of arriving at a “Balance of Power” (i), xxxviii
Fruitless source of wars in which England had been plunged (i). 5
Independence of the small States, Maintenance of as shown by the working of the Balance of Power (i), 201
Outrages inflicted on small States during the Revolutionary Period (ii), 350
Intervention by Great Britain in the affairs of Europe—Discussions in the House of Commons on foreign affairs to the exclusion of domestic interests (i), 195
Meaning of the phrase (i), 197, 198, 199, 203, 204, 205, 206
Napoleon, Adoption of the phrase by (i), 202 note
North American Continent, Exclusion of from the system—What were the claims of the Turks over the Christian rival ? (i), 210
Origin of the system (i), 203
Russia and the United States—Comparative claims of to be included in the system (i), 213, 214
Scales held by Great Britain during the past century — British aggrandisem*nt resulting from (i), 201
South American States, Exclusion of from the system (i), 212 and note
Territorial conquests made by Great Britain—Unjust aggression and foreign violence, alleged (i), 200 and note
Turkey as member of the system—How could she enter into this European system when the Turks were not Europeans ? (i), 206
United States, Exclusion of for the system (i), 210, 214, 215
Balfour, Mr. A—Fiscal Policy, Variation of, Reasons for proposed return to a system of retaliation (i), xiii
Baltic—Erection of a Russian naval power in—Geographical difficulties, etc. (i), 190
Banking system in Russia—Czar as “credit mobilier” and “credit foncier” of the Empire (ii), 503
Bankruptcies in time of peace and war compared (i), 248
Bastiat, Frederic—Cobdenand Bastiat, Influence on each other, etc. (i), xxvii, xxix, xxx
Belgium—Government grant applied to religious instruction of different faiths (i), 72
Belligerents—International Maritime Law, see Maritime Law
Berkeley, Adm.:
Invasion of England by France panic—Speech in the House of Commons (ii), 563
Steam Navigation, Introduction of. Effect of on possible invasion of Great Britain (ii), 659
Birmingham — Alarming state of parochial relief (i), 157 note
[719]
Black Sea:
Closing of by the Turks to trade of Europe at the taking of Constantinople—Turkish aversion and contempt for trade (i), 132
Destruction of Russian Fleet in, during the Crimean War (ii) 585
Emancipating influence of Russian intervention overthe commerce of the Black Sea (i), 160
Exclusion of all trade from by Russia should she occupy the Dardanelles, alleged (i), 27
Rivers which fall into, Importance of — Estimate furnished by Malte-Brun (i), 133
Blockade, sec titles Crimean War and Maritime Law
Bright, John:
Cobden's appeal to, to join him in opposing the Corn Laws (i), xxxiii
Crimean War, warnings and remonstrances, Bright accused of being a demagogue (i), ix; (ii), 460
Education of the people in the United States (i), 96 note
Public opinion—Responsibility of the House of Commons and the public press (ii), 669
British Empire, Extension of, see title Territorial Conquests
British Trade, sec title Trade and Commerce
Brougham's Lord, Policy—Intervention in foreign politics (i), 59, 60 and note
Brunswick's, Duke, Invasion of France, see France — Revolution
Bryant, Mr. W. C.—Introduction to American Edition (i), lix
Buchanan, Dr.—Prize essay written by on the probable design of Providence in placing the Indian Empire in the hands of the British (i), 159 note
Burgoyne, General:
Duke of Wellington's, Letter to in 1847, with reference to a possible French invasion of England (ii), 340, 341
Memorandum on the state of Great Britain's national defences (ii), 549
Burke:
Extensive and detached Empire, difficulties of Government (i), 191 note
French War of 1793—Responsibility of Burke for (i), 247 note ; (ii), 287, 288, 298, 318
Reflections—French Revolution, etc. (ii), 287, 298, 336
Turkey and the Balance of Power (i), 208
Vindication of National Science (i), 246 note
Burmese War, Origin of—Charges against Commodore Lambert:
Acts of hostility committed previous to receiving answer from the King of Ava (ii), 417
Blockade, Notification of (ii), 416, 429
Bogle, Col.:
Appeal to—Letter from the Governor of Rangoon for the Governor-General of India forwarded to Col. Bogle (ii), 430, 431, 445
Attitude of, towards the proceedings taking place at Rangoon (ii), 462
Description of the pacific disposition of the Burmese, etc. (ii), 443
Repugnance of the Burmese to enter into further relations with Commodore Lambert (ii), 446
Cost of the war—Burden thrown upon the Indian people (ii), 454
Dalian, Governor of—Conciliatory conduct towards the British (ii), 423 and note
Deeds of violence and injustice which had marked every step of British progress in India (ii). 458
Demands made by the Governor-General of India as peace terms—No mention of the act of the seizure of the King of Ava's ship (ii), 434
[720]
Governor of Rangoon's reply (ii), 435
Deputation of naval officers to the newly-appointed Governor of Rangoon to present letter containing demands
Edward's, Mr., Mission to the Governor—Life threatened by one of the Governor's suite incident (ii), 410, 411
Refusal to receive deputation on grounds of etiquette, etc. (ii), 412, 419, 425, 448, 449
Breach of etiquette on the part of British officers (ii), 420, 421
Forcing the Governor to receive the deputation — Chargesagainst the Governor of keeping the deputation waiting in the bun—Commodore Fishbourne's letter to Commodore Lambert (ii), 413, 416
Governor's request to Mr. Edwards that he should bring the letter (ii), 412, 421
Hostilities with the Burmese arising out of (ii), 415
Humiliating terms proposed to the Governor of Rangoon—Visit of the Governor to Commodore Lambert's ship to offer an apology (ii), 425
Inebriety of the Officers—Charges alleged by the Governor of Rangoon's servants (ii), 433
Treatment which the deputation received, Explanation of—Letter by the Governor of Rangoon to Commodore Lambert (ii), 418, 419
Description of the war (ii), 452 “Great execution” done by the British fire (ii), 428
Dismissal of the Governor of Rangoon by the King and promises to settle demands of the British—Letter to Sir J. Littler (ii), 409
Dual Government of India, Unsatisfactory working of, as illustrated by the war (ii), 400, 453. 458
Ellenborough's, Lord, Speech in the House of Lords on the question (ii), 402, 405, 453 notes
Etiquette, Difficulty between Commodore Lambert and the Governor attributed to—Origin of the war (ii), 412, 419, 425
Events leading to the hostilities (ii), 417
Further complaints against the Governor of Rangoon by alleged British subjects resident at Rangoon (ii), 402
List of grievances (ii), 405
Hostilities, Commencement of (ii), 415
Hostility—No act of hostility was to be committed—Governor-General of India's instruction to Commodore Lambert (ii), 401, 417
Ignorance of the British as to Eastern customs and etiquette (ii), 412, 419, 420
Incidents taking place at Charleston, United States, instead of Rangoon—Results compared (ii), 428, 429, 436
Instructions to Commodore Lambert by the Governor-General of India (ii), 400, 401
Instructions set aside and the opposite course pursued (ii), 402
Authority—To what superior authority was Commodore Lambert responsible for the fulfilment of his mission ? (ii), 454
Circ*mstances which induced Commodore Lambert to depart from Instructions (ii), 404, 406
Minute of the Governor-General, see that subheading
Powerlessness of Governor-General to compel Commodore
Lambert to obey his orders, alleged (ii), 453
Remonstrance on the part of Governor-General in vindication of his authority. Absence of reference in Parliamentary Papers (ii), 418
[721]
Reply of the Governor-General to Commodore Lambert's explanation (ii), 407, 408
Interview with the Governor of Rangoon described by Capt. Latter (ii), 404
King of Ava's letter to the Governor-General of India (ii), 445
Lambert, Commodore, ordered to Rangoon by the Governor-General of India in Command of Naval Ships (ii), 399
Latter, Capt:
Narrative of the events before the arrival of the new Governor (ii), 423
Visit to Calcutta to explain the occurrence which had taken place at Rangoon (ii), 406
Letter from Commodore Lambert to the Governor of Rangoon (ii), 403
Governor of Rangoon's reply (ii), 408
Letter from Commodore Lambert to the Prime Minister of the King of Ava (ii), 403
Minute of the Governor-General of India—Vindication of Commodore Lambert's conduct, illogical reasoning, etc. (ii), 407, 421, 422, 437, 438, 439, 440, 449, 453
Naval engagement, Commodore Lambert's description of (ii), 426
Object of Cobden's pamphlet—Lord Dalhousie's career of violence and spoliation in India (ii), 395
Origin of the war—Dispute between the Governor of Rangoon and two captains of English merchant ships (ii), 455
Pacific disposition of the Burmese (ii), 409, 411, 418, 427, 431, 443, 445
Petition from resident merchants sent to Commodore Lambert (ii), 430
Reasons in justification of the hostile proceedings—Minute of the Governor-General of India (ii), 437, 439
Relative positions of the contending parties (ii), 433
Result of the war (ii), 403
Sheppard, Capt., and Capt. Lewis, Claims against the Governors of Rangoon for ill-usage and unlawful imprisonment (ii), 398
Amount of claims (ii), 398, 399
Enforcement of the claims, the origin of the war (ii), 399
Territory, Acquisition of, to the Indian Empire—Unproductiveness of (ii), 455
United States of America, Opinion of—Speech by General Cass in the Senate (ii), 457
Yellow Ship (King of Ava's ship), Seizure of at midnight by Commodore Lambert (ii), 416, 423, 427
Declaration of war—Seizure of the King's ship constituted an act of war (ii), 432
Governor of Rangoon's threat to fire on Commodore Lambert if he removed the King's ship out of the river (ii), 426, 428
News of the event reaching England—Lord Derby's speech in the House of Lords (ii), 427 note
Burrittand Fry, Messrs—Peace Party movement to counteract mischief attributed to hostile attitude of English Press against France (ii), 339
Buying in the cheapest market and selling in the dearest—Removal of discriminating duties on colonial produce (i), 22, 24
United States invasion alarm—Capt Wilkes's seizure of American subjects on board British ship incident — Preparations for war between Great Britain and the United States (ii), 692, 693, 695
Top-boots incident, Supply of boots offered by the French Government (ii), 696
[722]
Canadian Timber—Privileges given to exporters of timber to England, gross injustice to the English people, etc. (i), 22
Capital:
Diffusion of—Dependence of new countries on capital of old countries for development (ii), 473
Floating capital, absorbing for war expenditure, evil results of to capitalists and labourers (ii), 523, 524, 525
Catholicism, see Roman Catholic religion
Catholicism of Cobden's political opinions (i), xxiv
Caucasus—Freedom and Independence agitation—Intervention by Great Britain, etc. (i), 160
“Champion”—Captain's claim against Governor of Rangoon—Cause of the Burmese War (ii), 398
Change—Abhorrence of which characterised Catholic States (i), 47
Channel—Introduction of steam navigation—Steam bridge thrown across the Channel by, see title Steam Navigation
Aristocrat—Every Englishman from his birth was an aristocrat (i), 102 and note
Character of Cobden — Political character:
Circ*mstances had given him a thorough acquaintance with industrial life (i), xxiii
Comprehensive and Catholic character of Cobden's opinions (i), xxiv
Freedom from class and party views, indifference to popular clamour, etc.—Misconceptions arising from, xxii, xxiii, xxxvi
Impression made on the policy of the country, Depth of (i), xxii
Characteristics of the English people (ii), 374, 376
Chauvelin, M.—French Ambassador in London—Correspondence with Lord Grenville in relation to the French Revolution—Efforts to prevent war between England and France, etc. (ii), 301, 302
Cheapest Market—Chief element in competition with British manufacturers (i), 36, 37, 219, 225, 234, 246
Chemistry, Power of, applied to purposes of war—Safeguard against future triumph of savage hordes over civilised countries (i), 259
Cherbourg Dockyard, Comparisons with British dockyards (ii), 595
Chevalier, Michael:
Co-operation with Cobden in reforms which led to the Commercial Treaty between England and France (i). li
Opinion on the French Revolution of 1789 (ii), 332
Pamphlet on the Duke of Wellington's letter on British national defences (ii), 548
China:
Great Britain and China
British Trade—Sending ships of war to compel China to open ports to British vessels (i), 186 and note
War—Mr. Cobden's opposition to, Effect of on his seat in Parliament (i), x, xliv, Ixi; (ii), 609 note
Russia and China—Invasion of China by Russia question:
England would be at Pekin before Russia, predicted (i), 186
Expedition proposed by Catherine—Abandonment of on account of insufficient wealth to transport the army (i), 186
Non-invasion of by Russia—Argument against the possibility of Russia invading India (i), 185
Church—Irish Church Question, see Ireland
Churches—Erection of monuments to warriors in—Illustration of Englishman's love of war, etc. (ii), 376, 377
Clarke, Dr. (ii), 16
Clarkson's agitation against the Slave Trade, Tribute to (ii), 375
[723]
Coal:
Imports into France from Great Britain:
Dependence of France for raw material for her manufacturing industry on England, argument against War between the two countries (ii), 358
Discriminating duty laid on as a protection against inconvenience during war (i), 231
United States resources—Europe surpassed in its rich beds of coal (i), 152 note
Coal and iron districts of England, Wales, and Scotland—Increase in wealth and population, Necessity for to support the Public Debt and to meet Foreign Competition (i), 116
Coalition of European Powers against France, see France—Revolution
Coleridge—Inventor of the fanciful theory that a National Debt was a “national blessing” (i), 81 and note
Colonies and Dependencies:
Acquisition of, a costly perversion of national wealth under Free Trade (i), xxxviii
Burden of, to the Mother Country (i), 21, 25, in, 251, note
Adam Smith's opinion (i), 25
Estimated annual loss to the Mother Country (i), 222 and note
Commercial relations between the Mother Country and the Colonies — Disadvantages to the Mother Country (i), 150 and note
Discriminating duties on West India sugar—Privileges accorded to Canadian exporters of timber, Sacrifice of English interests to promote a fictitious prosperity in the Colonies, etc. (i), 22
Costly appendage of an Aristocratic Government (i), 150
India, set that title
Neglect of Cobden's principles (i), xliii
Protection in the Colonies—Anomalies and inconsistencies of the system (i), xlii
Supporting and defending themselves as separate and independent existences, Plea for (i), xliii, 25
Wars undertaken on behalf of, under the delusion that the Colonies were profitable acquisitions (i), 156 and note
(For particular Colonies, see their names)
Colonisation Question — Nothing presented so far a field for economical analysis as colonisation (i), 20, 21
Combative and aggressive community, Great Britain as (ii), 376
Commerce, see title Trade and Commerce, also title Protection of Commerce
Commercial Blockade, see Maritime Law
Commercial Policy, see title Discriminating Duties, Retaliatory Duties, Protection, Corn Laws, etc.
Commercial Treaties with France, see France — Great Britain and France
Communism, Germ of, to be detected in most of the modern agencies of progress (i), xxi
Communities—Nature's boundaries, difficulties in the way of Russian supremacy in Europe (i). 192
Competition with British manufactures:
Cheapest market—Chief element in the competition (i), 36, 37, 219, 225, 234, 246
Commencement of foreign competition with British manufactures (i), 230
Corn, Restrictive duty imposed in 1816—Effect of on the development of the factory system in America, Germany, etc. (i), 117
National Debt, Effect of on competition, see National Debt
United States rivalry, set title United States
[724]
(Refer also to titles Cotton Manufactures, Protection of Commerce, etc.)
Conscription, Unpopularity of in France—Price paid for substitutes (ii), 373
Constantinople, Conquest of by Russia, refer to title Turkey
Constitutional freedom, States rendered fit for enjoyment of—Blessings of peace, etc. (i), 35
Continental Politics, see Foreign Politics
Continental Populations—Education and Social Condition of—Comparisons with the masses in England (ii), 375 and note
Cork—Port of call for Inman steamships, Institution of (i), 68 note
Corn Laws—Suicidal restrictions on the import of corn (i), 29
Agriculture would suffer no prejudice on the repeal of the Corn Laws — Fulfilment of Cobden's prediction (i), lx
Annual loss of revenue on corn (i), 118
Arguments against abolition of—Dependence upon Foreigners for bread (i), 223
Cobden's appeal to Bright to join him in opposing the Corn Laws (i), xxxiii
Device for prolonging by Act of Parliament the artificial scarcity created by the French War (i), xxviii, xxix
Moderate duty imposed in 1816 instead of the restrictive duty, probable effect on British exports (i), 116, 117
Necessity for repeal as a means of adding to the population and wealth of the country in order to support the National Debt (i), 108, 109, 113, 115
Peel's, Sir R., tribute to Cobden's services (i), xxxiv
Restriction of import of corn into a manufacturing nation, Effect of on its foreign commerce, etc. (i), 109, 113
Tax on corn was not objected to as a means of revenue (i), 116 and note
Corn Law League—Anti-Corn Law League (i), xx
Bastiat's History of, Extracts from (i), xxx
Meeting of the League at Covent Garden Theatre in 1843—Mr. Bryant's recollections of addresses by Bright, Cobden, and Fox (i), lix
Coronation Oath—Impediment in the way of reform of the Church in Ireland (i), 53
Cotton Manufacture:
Competition with British trade—Rise and progress attributed to British tyranny during the Great French War (i), 232
Exports, Amount of (i), 223 and note—Double that of Exports of every kind from Russia (i), 151, note
Ireland—Competition in cotton manufacture with England (i), 189 note
Raw material, Supply of:
England's dependency on the United States (i), 78, 79 note 223
Magnitude of consumption in Europe, Distant Sources of Supply, etc. (ii), 359
Mutual dependence of Europe on distant countries for—Effect of on the preservation of peace (ii). 359
Swiss and Saxony manufactures compared with British manufactures (i), 219
United States of America:
Amount of capital employed in competition with British fabrics in the Mediterranean, etc. (i), 88, 89
Rise and progress in cotton manufacture (i), 232
Councils of Europe, Great Britain's position in—Pretence for maintaining enormous armaments (i), 194, 196 (refer also to titles Balance of Power and Foreign Politics)
[725]
Country Party—Attitude towards the Militia Bill of 1852 (ii), 566
Courage—Superior courage among inhabitants of towns (ii), 516
Crimea:
Annexation of to the dominions of Russia (i), 164
Isle of Wight of Russia—Residences and valuable estates belonging to the nobility situated in (ii), 490
Crimean War—“Leap in the dark” both from a political and strategical point of view—Russia's power to defend her own territory, etc. (ii), 461
Army sent 3,000 miles by sea—Event unparalleled in history (ii), 512
Balance of Power, War undertaken for, contention (ii), 533
Blockade of Russian ports, Evasion of—Result of the limited extent to which Russia depended on maritime foreign trade (ii), 468, 471
Extension of overland commerce with Asia at the expense of maritime foreign commerce (ii), 478
Facilities for evading the blockade—Internal communications in Russia—Overland route through Prussia for imports and exports (ii), 474
Maritime commerce of Russia carried on in foreign bottoms—No shipping interests to be affected (ii), 481
Raw material—Independence of Russia of maritime trade (ii), 479
For details of Protectionist policy see Russia)
Bright and Cobden's warnings and remonstrances (i), x; (ii) 460
British Navy, Augmentation of during the war (ii), 584
Change of policy by the British Government—Cobden's proposals (ii), 530
Conquest of the shores of the Black Sea, and its effect on the imposition of humiliating terms of peace by the Allies (ii), 466
Continuance of the war in lie spring—Probable results (ii), 462
Cost in men and money necessary to bring the war to successful issue (ii), 512
Cost of the war:
Financial resources of Great Britain (ii), 520
Financial resources of Russia (ii), 506, 508
Finances of Russia—Effect of on the war—Could Russia be coerced to accept humiliating peace terms ? (ii), 466
Resources for prolonging the war (ii), 496, 526
Finances of the Allies—Resources for prolonging the war (ii), 519
Comparisons with the French Revolutionary War and Pitt's method of raising money for the war, etc. (ii), 520, 521
France—Financial position of (ii), 523 note
War Loans — Effect of a succession of loans in London and Pans (ii), 523, 524
Foodstuffs exported from Russia to V.'estern Europe—Effect of the cessation of exports caused by the war (ii), 528
Free Trade, Cause of, progress arrested by the war (i), xxxiii
Free Trade v. Protection—Advantages of both systems in time of war (ii), 471, 472
Germany, Prussia and Austria holding aloof from the war—Change of policy by the British Government, suggested (ii), 531
Hardships and exposure of camp life—Russian agricultural class of soldier compared with men of the Allies (ii), 514, 515
Internal communications in Russia—Extraordinary facilities for long journeys by road and river (ii), 474
Invasion of Russia by the Allies (ii), 489
Rashest act in British History, alleged (ii), 498, 512, 530
Loss of life, Extent of (ii), 462
[726]
Money necessary to carry on the war, see sub-heading Finances
Napoleon's mode of dependingupon forced requisitions and plunder by the way for supply of food, etc—Position of the Allies, compared (ii), 512, 513
Object of Cobden's pamphlet—“What Next—and Next?”— Cobden's views, etc. (ii), 460
Patriotism, and love of country—Sentiments founded on the belief that Russia was the favoured depository of the orthodoxreligiousfaith—Effect as a resisting power against coercion of the Allies as to peace terms (ii), 485
Peace terms—Determination of Russia to resist humiliation—Powers of resisting coercion from the Allies (ii), 464, 506, 511, 512, 518
Terms of peace presented to Russia (ii), 520, 530
Permanent occupation by the Allies of the Crimea (ii), 462
Position and prospects of the Allies — Disadvantages and difficulties compared with Russia's position (ii), 511
Railway construction between Moscow and the Crimea—Probable effect on the invasion of the Crimea (ii), 473
Religious feeling in Russia—Belief among the Russians that the country was engaged in a Religious War, Effect of on the prolongation of the war (ii), 149
Resources of the Allies—Supply of men, food, etc (ii), 511
Resources of the enemy—Facilities for supply of food and stores to the forces by land transport (ii), 481
Results of the war:
Achievements predicted and their results (ii), 462, 463, 464
Mistaken confidence of the English people (ii), 529
Sacrifices and sufferings inseparable from a state of war (ii), 484
Seaports, Creation of under Free Trade—Advantages in time of war of Protection and Free Trade, compared (ii), 471, 472
Sebastopol Committee, Evidence before (ii), 461
Strength of the enemy, Ignorance as to by the Allies (ii), 461
Supplies of the Allies—Sources of to meet the demands of a protracted struggle (ii), 513
Termination of the war—Effect of on the military spirit in England (ii), 582
Troops:
Number of Russian troops in the field (ii), 461
Resources of Great Britain—Difficulties of recruiting among the population of the towns (ii), 516, 517
Supply of reinforcements—Allies' position compared with Russia (ii). 514
Turkish troops—Western Powers providing food for (ii), 513
Undertaking had no parallel fo.' magnitude in the annals of war (ii), 513
Working classes in England, Effects of the war on (ii), 527
Currency:
Depreciated Currency—Less ruinous to an agricultural people than to a manufacturing nation (ii), 508
Paper Money, see that title
Customs Duties:
Abolition of—Movement towards made by Germany and Belgium (i), xlviii
Revenue derived from—Exchange of commodities between Great Britain and foreign countries (i), 111
(Refer also to title Free Trade)
Dalhousie, Lord—Governor General of India, Conduct of in relation to the Burmese War, refer to Burmese War
[727]
Danish War—Diplomatic intervention by England, Conflict of public opinion, etc. (i), lv
Danube—Russian influence in opening up navigation, etc. (i), 28, 30
Dardanelles, Occupation of by Russia—Exclusion of trade from the Black Sea and Sea of Marmora would follow, alleged (i), 27
Debt—see National Debt
Defence of Commerce, see Protection of Commerce
Defences—National Defences:
Agitations for increased defence means, refer to titles Armaments and Naval Armaments
Block-ships, Origin of the construction of (ii), 588
Financial evils of Great Britain were more to be feared than all the Powers of the world (i), 114 and note
Fortification works, sec Fortifications
Invasion of England panics, see that title, also title Naval Armaments
Merchant Steamers, Utilising as a reserve force for defence purposes against the possibility of French invasion (ii), 563, 623
Naval armaments—Results of invasion panics, etc., see title Naval Armaments
Pamphlets issued on the state of the defences in 1852 (ii), 571
Publications by alarmists (ii), 343
Raising money by loan for completing works—Mr. Horsman's motion in the House of Commons (ii), 625
Steam navigation, Effect of on Great Britain's insular position, see title Steam Navigation
Wellington's, Dukeof.letter—Effect of in creating an invasion panic, etc. (ii), 548, 549, 552, 560
Demagogues—Cobden and Bright not demagogues in the ordinary sense of the word—Warnings and remonstrances against unnecessary war (i), ix
Democracy—Foreign element in the materials of the English character (i), 102
Derby, Earl of:
Burmese War, Seizure of the King of Ava's ship incident (ii), 427 note
Invasion of England by France panic—Inflammatory language of the Press—Speech in the House of Lords, etc. (ii), 557
Derby's, Earl, Administrations—Augmentation of armaments (ii), 560, 570, 594
Diffusion of capital—Development of new countries, Dependence of on capital of older countries (ii), 473
Disarmament, see Armaments — Reductions, also title Naval Armaments
Discriminating Duties:
Coals, Importation of, from Great Britain into France—Discriminating duty laid on (i), 231
Commercial relations between the Mother Country and the Colonies — Disadvantages to the Mother Country (i), 150
West India Sugar and Canadian Timber, etc.—Effect of the abolition of discriminating duties on the plea for defending the Colonies (i), 22
Disraeli:
France — British hatred towards France, Protest against attacks on Louis Napoleon (ii), 579
Naval armaments'—Rivalry between Great Britain and France—“Monster evil,” etc. (ii), 691
Dividends—Consequence which would follow should the British nation be unable to pay the interest of the National Debt (i), 113
Dockyards, Expenditure in, see Naval Armaments
Domestic Policy, Principles of—Necessity for reviewing principles for purpose of adapting the government to the changing and improving condition of its people (i), 122
Douglas, Sir H.—Responsibility of, for fortifications scheme of 1860 (ii), 669
[728]
Ducos, M.—Invasion of England by France panic, M. Ducos's opinion on (li), 632
Letter to Mr. Ewart (ii), 573
Duncombe, Mr. T.—Interceding with France on behalf of State prisoners at Ham—Motion in the House of Commons (i), 195 note
Durham, Lord—British Ambassador at St. Petersburg
Admiration for Cobden's pamphlet on Russia—Meeting between Cobden and Lord Durham (i), 123 note
Letters to Mr. Gisborne on the friendly commercial relations between Great Britain and Russia (i), 244 note
East India, 5a India
Eastern Question—Independence and Integrity of the Ottoman Empire, etc., see Turkey
Economic Science—Connection between the facts of Science and the social laws which give them life and meaning:
Cobden's perception (i), xxv
Smith's, Adam, investigations (i), xxvi
French Revolution, Failure of, mainly due to want of knowledge of economic science among the leaders (i), xxiv
Moral and economical laws, Harmony of, Cobden's belief in (i), xxiv
Economy in national expenditure, see National Expenditure
Education—Cobden's leaning towards, in selecting his life work—Reasons for preferring Free Trade (i), xxviii
Education in United States and Great Britain, Comparisons between the two countries as to progress in educating the people (i), 94, 95, 96 and note
Ellenborough, Lord—Speeches in House of Lords:
British claims against Governor of Rangoon—Burmese War (ii), 402, 405, 453 notes
Fortification works—Vis. Palmerston's scheme (ii), 668 note
Invasion of England apprehension—Increase in naval armaments (ii), 614, 619
Ellesmere, Lord—Invasion of England by France panic—Lord Ellesmere's letter (ii), 551
Emigration—Irish Emigration:
Manchester Colony—Contagion of Irish habits, evils of competition, etc. (i), 54, 55
Remedy for the state of Ireland (i), 64
Energies of the English people:
In all pursuits England carried her energies in advance of all competitors (ii), 375
Utilising in the direction of saving life—Plea for the abatement of the spirit of war (ii), 372
England, Pamphlet on (i), 5
Russian politics—The pamphlet was not written with the view of advocating Russian politics (i), 37 note
“England, France, Russia, and Turkey” — Quotations from Mr. Urquhart's pamphlet (i), 7, 8, 9, 10, 14. 19, 27, 31
English History—Ignorance of the English as to modern English History (ii), 285
Entail, Laws of—I≥rosperity and improvement of large towns affected by (i), loo note
Equality v. Freedom—Characteristics of the British and French people (ii), 370
Established Church in Ireland, see Ireland—Church
Europe, State of, in 1834—Failure of the policy of the Whigs, etc., extracts from London newspapers (i), 32, 33, 34 note
European affairs, see Foreign Politics
European wars—Probable result of another war (i), 249
Euxine—Russian influence in opening up navigation, etc. (i) 28, 30
Ewart, Mr.—Letter to M. Ducos relating to the invasion of England by France panic (ii), 573
[729]
Exhibition of 1851:
French manufactures, Position held by (ii), 356
Wellington's, Duke of, precautions against insurrection—Infantine alarms which characterised his old age (ii), 341
Expenditure, see National Expenditure
Exports and Imports, refer to title Trade and Commerce
Fabrics, Manufacture of, see Manufactures
Factory System:
Adoption of by all civilised nations—Application of to the necessities of England, etc. (i), 109
America and Germany—Effect of the imposition of restrictive duty on corn by Great Britain in 1816 (i), 116, 117
(Refer also to Manufactures)
Faucher, M. Leon, and M. Tengoborski—Russian finances controversy (ii), 499, 500, 501, 506, 508, 509, 514
Fear—Mischief done by communities in taking securities against enemies (i), 236 and note
Feudalism in France—Chief aim of the Constituent Assembly of 1789 (ii), 368, 369, 370
Capital, see that title
Crimean War—Financial resources of the Enemy and the Allies, see title Crimea War
Great Britain's position—Greater cause for apprehension than from all the Powers of the world (i), 115 and note
Financial questions, Revolutions and great changes originating from (i), 238 note
Financial Transactions—England as the medium of, Mr. Rothschild's evidence, etc. (i), 143
Finland—Russian conquest, Results of(i), 139, 141, 164
First Invasion Panic, see Invasion
Fiscal Policy, sec titles Free Trade, Corn Laws, etc.
Fitzwilliam, Earl—Statement as to motives for the Great French War (ii), 321
Flax Cultivation in Ireland—Better sj'stem of cultivation advocated as a remedy for Ireland (i), 70
Food, Price of:
Effect of a state of war on (i), 248 Crimean War, Effect of on the labouring classes (ii), 527
Price of food in Great Britain compared with competitors abroad (i), 109, 110
Tax on, sec title Corn Laws
Foodstuffs, supply of, from Russia to countries of Western Europe, Effect of the Cessation of exports caused by the Crimean War (ii), 528
Food Supply in time of war—International law, Changes and modifications proposed by Cobden, bearing on the question (i), xv
Foreign Commerce:
Tyranny exercised by Great Britain during the latter half of the French revolutionary wars—Manufactures established in foreign countries as the result of (i), 229, 230, 249
(Refer also to title Trade Commerce and Names of Foreign Countries)
Foreign Policy—Aggressive policy—Mr. Attwood's statement in the House of Commons that England always dealt the first blow (i), 156 note
Foreign Politics—Intervention by Great Britain — Mistaken policy—Great Britain's prosperity lay in peace, not war (i), 5, 6, 9, 59, 60, 61, 127, 230 note
Balance of Power, see that title
Britain assuming the position of administrator of justice to all the people of the earth (i), 5, 6, 9
Brougham's, Lord, policy (i), 60 note
Change in industrial conditious due to development of manufactures, etc., made it necessary [730] for the Government to “alter the maxim by which its foreign relations have in past times been regulated” (i), xiv, 122
(Refer also to title France, Russia, and United States—Commercial Interests, etc.)
Continental countries which excluded British fabrics—Countries whose independence Great Britain had fought for (i), 107
Criticism of Cobden, accused of going beyond his province, etc. (i), xxxvi
Danish War—Conflict of public opinion and final triumph of principle of non-intervention (i), lv
Discussion in the House of Commons on foreign affairs to the exclusion of domestic interests (ii). 195
Expedients, Logical, under the Balance of Power chimera because inconsistent and dangerous under Free Trade (i), xxxvii
Expenditure on wars arising out of (i), 5; (ii). 376
Explanation of Cobden's views on intervention (i), xl
Fergusson's Tour in Canada and United States, extract from preface (i), 119
Ireland, Neglect of, whilst seeking among other nations objects of compassion, etc. (i), 39, 59, 60
Misrepresentation of Cobden's principles, confusion between political meddling and international co-operation (i), xix, xl
National Party in House of Commons representing “No foreign politics,” proposed (i), 34
“Non — intervention” — misleading term applied to Cobden's policy (i), xl
Protection of British commerce argument, see Protection of Commerce
Propensity of the English people to strike for the freedom of some other people, etc. (ii), 374
Result of:
Ever-increasing National Debt, etc. (i), 215, 254
Tragedy of British intervention as shown by the history of the past century (i), 196
Selfish policy would be a policy of non-intervention, argument (i), 254
State of Europe in 1834—Failure of the policy of the Whigs, etc.— Extracts from London newspapers (i), 32, 33, 34, note
Turkey and Russia, see Turkey
United States and Great Britain, commercial rivalry between—Disadvantage which Great Britain had to contend with through her policy of intervention in foreign politics (i), 85, 87, 104
Withdrawal of Great Britain from intervention, and concentrating her energies on purifying her own internal institutions, etc., advocated (i), 35
Fortifications, Expenditure on, arising out of invasion of England by France panics (ii), 546, 584, 625
Horsraan's, Mr., motion in the House of Commons—Cobden's speech in opposition to (ii), 699 note
Palmerston's scheme—Enormous expenditure—Viscount Palmerston's alarming speech in the House of Commons (ii), 656
Douglas, Sir H., Responsibility of, for fortifications scheme of 1860 (ii), 669
Necessity for the works as means of defence against French invasion (ii), 665
Fox—French War of 1793, attitude of Fox towards the war (ii), 315
France:
Armaments, see that title, also Naval Armaments
Austria and France, see Austria
Church—Equal Government Grant applied to religious instruction of different faiths (i), 72
[731]
Cobden's, Mr., visit to in 1857—Duration of visit, etc. (ii), 099 note
Commercial Treaties with Great Britain, sec title France—Great Britain
Conscription, Unpopularity of—Amount paid for substitutes, etc. (ii), 373
Constituent Assembly, see subheading Revolution of 1789
Financial position in relation to the demand of the Crimean War (ii) 523 tiote
Fiscal Policy:
Coal, Imports from Great Britain—Discriminating duty laid on as means of protection against inconvenience during war (i), 231
Prohibitive commercial system, Gradual extinction of (i), 112
Invasion of Great Britain Panics, see Invasion
Invasion of Spain—Intervention by Great Britain, etc. (i), 59, 60
Landed System—Reforms of the Constituent Assembly—Powerlessness of Louis Napoleon to alter (ii), 369
Manufactures, Development of:
Cotton industry, Growth of since the war of 1793—Argument in favour of the preservation of peace (i), 260, 261
Imports into France, Statistics for 1792, 1851, and 1865 showing enormous growth of manufacturing system (ii), 362, 363, 364 note
Paris — Number of operatives, annual produce of their labour, etc. (ii), 365
Position held by at the Great Exhibition of 1851 (ii), 356
Raw material, Increase in importation of (ii), 362
Rivalry between Great Britain and France in manufactures—Mutual interests in the preservation of peace between two countries (ii), 356, 358, 361
Rouen—“Manchester of France” (i), 69
Silk manufacture, Superiority of over British silk manufacture (ii), 356, 361
Napoleon Bonaparte, see Napoleon
Napoleon, Louis:
Attempt on life of—Intemperate manifestations towards England (ii), 593
Invectives levelled against by Great Britain, see title France and Great Britain
Naval armaments, see that title
Population for each square league—Comparisons with Russia, Prussia and England (i), 135
Protestant district of France, see Alsace
Public accounts system — Expenditure on the Navy analysis, etc. (ii), 341, 342
Revolution of 1789: Failure of mainly due to the want of knowledge of economic science among the leaders, alleged (i), xxiv
Revolution of 1789 and the events which led up to the Great War of 1793—Great Britain's responsibility for the war, etc (ii), 276
Accusations as to who provoked the war (ii), 313
Alien Bill—Burke's inflammatory speech on against France (ii), 318
Allied Powers as the authors and instigators of the war (ii), 292
Aristocratic Party in the British Parliament—War desired by (ii), 314
Attitude of France towards England—Efforts made by France to maintain peace with England (ii), 279, 302–309. 312, 314
Bitterness and hatred towards England (ii), 330–334
British Parliament summoned in Dec., 1792—Terms of King's Speech, etc. (ii), 313
Brunswick's, Duke of, proclamations on the eve of invading France (ii), 295, 300
[732] Defeat of the Duke of Brunswick (ii), 300
Burke:
Reflections on tlte French Revolution, Effect of (ii), 287, 298
Responsibility of for the war (i), 247 note
Attack on the French Government—Speech in the House of Commons (ii), 288
Warlike spirit of England roused against France by (ii). 318
Chauvelin, M.—French Ambassador in London—Correspondence with Lord Greville, M. Chauvelin's efforts to avert war between England and France (ii), 301, 302–309, 314
Coalition formed against France on the Continent:
French Ambassador's appeal to England (ii), 302
“Unrighteous Coalition” (ii), 334
Commercial Treaty between Great Britain and France effected by Pitt, Annulment of (ii), 307
Constituent Assembly—Reforms effected by, Events which led up to the war (ii), 286, 287, 289, 290, 368
“Immortal Principles” — Frenchmen's tribute to the Revolution of 1789 (ii), 331, 332
Cost of the war to Great Britain (ii), 337
Crimean War, Comparison with (ii), 520, 521
Crimes and atrocities committed by the French attributed to the Duke of Brunswick's proclamations and subsequent invasion of French Territory (ii), 296
Declaration of Pilnitz, Terms of, etc. (ii), 291, 293
Declaration of war against Austria (ii), 294, 295
Declaration of war against England — French were the first to declare war, Explanation of (ii), 324
Defence of England preparations—Augmentation of naval and military forces (ii), 301, 303, 314, 315
Demands of the Austrian Court—Declaration of war by Louis against Austria (ii), 294
Diplomatic Relations between Great Britain and France following the insurrection in Paris of August 1792—British Ambassador recalled, etc. (ii), 278, 302 note
Dread of a maritime war with England — Unpreparedness of the French for war (ii), 279, 292
State of the two navies compared (ii), 279 note
Executive Council of the French Republic, Attitude towards England (ii), 304
Form of Government for France—Emperor Leopold's desire to support the authority of the King by other means than war (ii), 293
Fox, Opposition of to the war (ii), 315
Fraternity, Degree of the National Convention (ii), 304, 310 and note
French Ambassador in London, sec sub-heading Chauvelin, M.
Friends and opponents of the French Revolution, Formation of into opposing parties in England (ii), 290, 298
Grain for France — Vessels in British ports stopped (ii), 306
Great Britain's part in the origin and causes of the war (ii), 298, 325, 326
Change of policy following the defeat of the Duke of Brunswick (ii), 300
Interval from 1789 when the Constituent Assembly met, till 1793, when the war commenced, Events of (ii), 286
[733]
Intervention in the affairs of the French people by Continental Powers (ii), 291, 298
“Just and necessary war”— When was war ever acknowledged to be otherwise ? (ii), 325
Louis XVI., Execution of — French Ambassador ordered to leave London in eight days, etc. (ii), 279, 302 note, 309
Mass of the people in England joined in the cry for war (ii), 280
Nature of the war—Bloodiest and most costly that ever afflicted mankind (ii), 294
Opponents of the war in England (ii), 280, 299
Origin and objects of the war (ii), 286, 290, 292, 294, 298, 304, 310
Defence of liberties of Europe as an excuse for the war (ii), 280, 281
Domestic revolution in England, Dread of—Institutions threatened with an overthrow, etc. (ii), 323, 325
France was the aggrieved and not the aggressor (ii), 295, 313
Merits of the war (ii), 278, 281
Motives with which Great Britain embarked upon the war (ii), 286, 313, 319, 321
Pitt's disclosure of the true object of the war (ii), 301, 320
Real motive was to prevent the spread of French opinions in England (ii), 301, 313, 317, 319, 320
Restoring order in France—Earl Fitz William's statement as to the motives of those who entered upon the war (ii), 321
Source of information for particulars of the origin of the war (ii), 285
Scheldt, Dutch right to a monopoly—alleged as object of the war (ii), 308, 310, 321, 322
Sustaining the old Governments of Europe (ii), 280
Panic in the public mind in England, Creation of (ii), 314
Pitt, Attitude of (ii), 299 and note, 301
Virtual declaration of war by (ii), 324
Points in dispute between Great Britain and France (ii), 304–310, 321
Preface by the author (ii), 275
Privileged inequality in the French social system—Result of the Revolution (ii), 333
Probable consequences of the war—Wilberforce on (ii), 320
Public feeling in England against France — Members of the French Embassy at Ranelagh incident (ii), 311
Public opinion in England as to the justness and necessity of the war (ii), 327, 328
Public opinion in France:
French historical writer's hostility to Great Britain (ii), 330
Opinions respecting their own Revolution out of which the war sprang (ii), 331
Results of the Revolution—What it had accomplished for the people of France (ii), 331, 332, 333
Sufferings following the war to the English working classes (ii), 281
Talleyrand's, M. de, mission to London, Object of, etc. (ii), 311
Toulon, British naval forces in possession of — Proclamation in the name of the King of England as to Monarchical Government (ii), 322
Treaty of 1786—Suspension of diplomatic relations deemed equivalent to a declaration of war according to the treaty (ii), 279
Warlike preparations in England—Practically a declaration of war (ii), 324
[734]
Warlike speeches in the British House of Commons (ii), 303
Wellington, Duke of—Sermon on the death of—Assumption that the war was on the British side defensive (ii), 276, 281
Revolutionary Wars:
Brute force exercised by Great Britain towards foreign commerce, Manufactures established in foreign countries as the result of (i), 229, 230, 249
Financial resources—Creation of paper money, etc. (ii), 352
Repetition of, Arguments against (ii). 351
Wealth obtained by the Army—Sums of money transmitted to Paris—Amount of money sent home by Napoleon during his first campaign in Italy, etc. (ii), 353, 354
Rights of labour and of property, False conception of — Failure of the Revolution, etc. (i), xxiv
Sardinia and France, see Sardinia
Taxation—Comparisons with Russia, Prussia, and England (i), 136
Thiers, M., see Thiers
Toulon dockyards, extension of, effect of the Syrian dispute (ii), 547
Trade and Commerce:
British trade with France (i), 107
Coal, co*ke, and iron—Import into France from Great Britain—Dependence of France on Great Britain for raw material, etc. (ii), 358
Exports, Value of—Amount of exports to England (ii), 364
Imports into France in 1792, 1851 and 1865 statistics (ii), 362, 363, 364 note
Mercantile tonnage, Growth of compared with manufacture—Assurance against invasion of England by France (ii), 365, 366
France and Great Britain, Relations between:
Alliance between Great Britain and France—No real alliance unless by a union of interests (i), 231 and note
Anglo-French alliance—The two nations fighting together in the Crimea, effect of on the feeling in England towards the French (ii), 581
Commercial interests of the two countries — Dependence of France upon Great Britain for raw material for her manufacturing industries—Arguments against war between the two countries (ii), 358
Commercial Treaties between the two Countries:
Cobden's Treaty:
Chevalier, Michel, Co-operation with Cobden (i), 111
Consequences of — Movement set on foot to erase protective duties from the Commercial Codes of Europe (i), lv
Deputations from British manufacturing districts to Paris (ii), 671
Negotiations—Effect of Vis. Palmerston's alarming speech on the possible invasion of England by France (ii), 666
Objections to carrying out work of such a description by a treaty, etc. (i), liv
Possible effect of—Reduction in armaments (ii), 698
Reciprocity revival, alleged — Treaty was not a reciprocity treaty, but a work of cooperation (i), liii, liv
State of affairs in France—Unpopularity of the treaty both in France and England
Testimony to Cobden's statesmanship (i), lxii
Treaty effected by Pitt in 1795, Annulment of previous to the Great War (ii), 307
Effect of, etc. (ii), 299, 300
Communication between London and Paris—Result of steamboats, [735] electric telegraphs, etc. (ii), 355
Invasion panics, see Invasion
Louis Philippe, Abdication of and proclamation of the Republic—How the British House of Commons received the news—Sir R. Peel's remarks, etc. (ii), 453 and note
Napoleon, Louis, Invectives levelled at by Great Britain similar to those levelled at the Constituent Assembly (1789)
Alarm at the tone of the English Press—Peace Party movement, etc. (ii), 339
Attacks on in London newspapers—Letters of “An Englishman” in the Times, etc. (ii), 579 and note
Merchants and bankers of London—Address to Louis Napoleon (ii), 579
Charges against Louis Napoleon by the English (ii), 338, 340
Invasion of England by France apprehension, see Invasion
Natural enemies — Transfer of hatred from France to Russia (i), 6
Protection — Commercial intercourse between Great Britain and France, etc. (i), 231 and note
Revolution of 1789 and war of 1793, see subheading Revolution, under France
Syria, Rupture between Great Britain and France in 1840 (ii), 545
Top-boots for British Army required in an emergency—Boots supplied by the French Government (ii), 696
Free Trade:
Advocated by Cobden irrespective of foreign tariffs or warlike tendencies of nations (i), xiii
Armaments—Extensive armaments not required under a system which relies on international justice (i), xxxviii
Bastiat's description of the Free Trade movement in England (i), xxx
Changes in Foreign Policy effected by Free Trade, see Foreign Politics
Cobden's reasons for selecting Free Trade as his life work in preference to Education (i), xxviii
Colonies and territories, Acquisition of, no longer required (i), xxxviii
Corn Laws, see that title
Danger of wars, Removal of by the extension of Free Trade (i), 222
Discriminating duties, see that title
France—Cobden's attempt to break down the barriers to commercial intercourse between the two countries (i), li, lii
International Law of the Almighty — Cobden's name for Free Trade (i), xxix ; (ii), 460
Losing hold on the public mind—Drifting into irretrievable confusion as a principle of imperial policy (i), xix
Peace, Free Trade the surest guarantee of (i), xxix
Position of Free Trade at the present day:
Enough to give upper and middle classes more wealth than they can employ wisely (i), xx
Failure, Alleged—Failure attributable to a deliberate violation of principles rather than to a policy which has never yet been tried (i), xx, xxi
Not enough to enable us to solve social problems or to inspire confidence in other countries, etc. (i), xx
Reactionary influences neutralising the partial liberation of trade (i), xx
Prosperity of the country due to Free Trade, growth of exports, diminution of pauperism, etc. (i), x; (ii), 556, 580
Protection v. Free Trade:
Break up of the Protective system after the Repeal of the Corn Laws—Work of Lord [736] John Russell's Government (i), xxxiii
Circ*mstances have changed since 1846—Argument of the new Protectionists, Mr. Balfour's evidence, Faulty basis of comparison, etc. (i), xiii
Expedients forced upon a Government which maintains a trade monopoly (i), xxxii
Extravagance in public expenditure, by making new taxation necessary, has given the Protectionists an opportunity (i), xvii
France—Commercial intercourse between Great Britain and France, etc. (i), 231 note
Russian Protectionist policy, see Russia
War time—Advantages of Free Trade and Protection in time of war—Position of Russia in the Crimean War (ii), 471, 472
Reactionary influences whicli arrested the cause of progress—Crimean War, etc. (i), xxxiii
Free Trade Party—Opposition to Militia Bill of 1852 (ii), 566
Freedom v. Equality—Characteristics of the British and French people (ii), 370
Galway—Transatlantic Packet Station—Establishment of first station in Ireland (i), 68 note
Germany:
Armaments—One-half of the population carrying arms (ii), 349
Crimean War—Germany holding aloof from—Change of policy by the British Government suggested (ii), 531
France and Germany—France rather than Russia was the source of danger to Germany (ii), 533
Protestant and Roman Catholic population — Manufacturing and commercial interests of the country were chiefly Protestant (i), 45
(See also Prussia)
Gibraltar:
Market for British goods closed by the interdict of clearness in spite of fortification, etc.— Switzerland and Saxony's victory over manufactures of England (i), 226, 227, 228, 255
Unjust aggression and foreign violence alleged against Great Britain in the acquisition of Gibraltar (i), 200
Grain—Russian exports to Western Europe, Effect of the cessation of caused by the Crimean War (ii), 528
Great Exhibition of 1851, see Exhibition
Great War with France, see title France—Revolution
Greece, Revolution in—Extract from correspondence of a London paper on (i), 32 note
Grenville, Lord—Foreign Secretary— Correspondence with French Ambassador in relation to events of the French Revolution which led up to the war with France (ii), 302, 303–309
Grey, Mr. (afterwards Earl Grey):
Balance of Power—Turks forming party to the system (i), 208
Speech on the state of the nation in the House of Commons, Extract from (i), 157 note
Gunboats, Adoption of in the British Navy during the Crimean War (ii), 585
Gunpowder—Barrier set by against the irruption of barbarians in Western Europe (i), 259
Hardwicke, Lord, on French naval armaments—Number of seamen, etc. (ii), 653
Herbert, Lord, Evidence of before Select Committee on the Navy (ii), 605 note
Herbert, Mr. S.:
Defences—Security against possible French invasion (ii), 668, 669
Speeches in the House of Commons—Military spirit in England (ii), 584
[737]
Holland — Commercial prosperity, Statement drawn up as to causes of (i), 71 and note
Home defences, see Defences
Home Rule for Ireland:
Gladstone's, Mr., Bill — Service rendered in forcing the English nation to face the Irish Question (i), xv
Judging by the past, a Parliament in Dublin would not remedy the ills of Ireland (i), 64
Horsfall's, Mr., motion in the House of Commons on maritime capture (ii), 380, 381
Horsman, Mr.—National defence works, Raising money by loan for completion of—Result of invasion of England by France, panic (ii), 625
Cobden's opposition to (ii), 699 note
House of Lords:
Church in Ireland, Abolition of—Scruples of the House of Lords (i), 53
Invasion of England by France apprehension — Inflammatory speech by Lord Lyndhurst, etc. (ii), 613, 616
Railway construction—Difficulties of getting Bills through the House of Lords—Comparisons between amount of railway construction in United States and in England (i), 93
Howden, Lord—Speech in the House of Lords on possible French invasion (ii), 615
Human life—Loss of by wars (ii), 246, note
Hungary, Invasion of by Russia—Objections in Russia to the foreign policy of Nicholas (ii), 487
Ignorance of the English people as to modern English History (ii), 285
Improvement and labour, Advantages to be derived from over those occurring from war (i), 147, 151, 152 and note, 203, 256, 258
Income Tax, Increase in to is. in the £ by Lord John Russell arising out of the invasion panic of 1847–1848 (ii), 552, 554
India:
Army in, Cost of (ii), 344, note
British rule in—-Cobden's conviction that retribution awaited the lust of power (i), xliii
Dalhousie, Lord—Governor-Central of India, Conduct of in relation to the Burmese War, refer to title Burmese War
Discriminating duties — Abandonment of restrictive policy, Effect of on the plea for the defence of the Colonies (i), 24
Ignorance and unconcern of the British people in relation to all Indian questions (ii), 395
Invasion of by Russia apprehension:
China, Non-invasion of—Argument against the possibility of Russia invading India (i), 185
Danger to from movements which Russia might make Eastward—Argument in favour of British defence of Turkey (i), 19
Probable designs of Providence in placing Indian Empire in the hands of Great Britain—Dr Buchanan's prize essay (i), 59 note
Value of the Indian Empire to the people of England—Was India worth a war with Russia ? (i), 20
Wars—How wars were got up in India—Origin of the Burmese War, see Burmese War
Indian Mutiny:
Invasion of England by France apprehension—Why did not France take advantage of Great Britain during the Indian Mutiny ? (ii), 593
Industrial life of England, Cobden's practical acquaintance with, xxiii
International Exhibition of 1851, see Exhibition
[738]
International law—Definition of what was meant by the “Balance of Power” (i), 198
International Law of the Almighty—Cobden's name for Free Trade (i), xxix ; (ii), 460
“International Man,” Cobden's mission as (i), six, xxxv, lvii; (ii), 538
(Refer also to title Foreign Policy)
International Maritime Law, Necessity for reform, etc., see Maritime Law
Intervention by Great Britain in foreign politics, see Foreign Politics
Invasion by America panic, Attempt to create — Captain Wilks's seizure of American subjects on British ship incident (ii) 692, 700
Invasion of England by France apprehension—Invasion panics:
Armaments, Augmentation of, resulting from, see titles Armaments and Naval Armaments
Army, Influence of, to compel Louis Napoleon to make war (ii), 372
Atonement to France — Opening negotiations between the two countries with the view of agreeing to some plan of limiting naval armaments (ii), 697
Causes alleged, of British alarm—French regarded as the most aggressive and warlike country (ii), 346
Cobden's opposition to (ii), 699, note
Cobden's views, etc. (ii), 538
Commercial interests of the two countries which alone should be a guarantee of peace (ii), 356–368
Commercial treaty with France—Promoting good understanding between the two countries, see title France—Great Britain and France
Condition of France which rendered a war on her part less likely in 1853 than in 1793 (ii), 351
Cotton manufacture—Mutual dependence of European nations on raw material from abroad, Effect of, on the preservation of peace (ii), 359, 360
Deduction from facts and arguments against the possibility of a French invasion summarised (ii), 373
Defences — Inadequate defence, alleged, publications written by alarmists, etc (ii), 343
Publications apparently designed to tempt the French (ii), 343
(See also titles Fortifications, Defences, etc.)
Description of a descent of the French on British territory—Mr. Horsman's speech in the House of Commons (ii), 627
Difficulties in the way of a French invasion and a war between the two countries—Altered circ*mstances since the war of 1793 (ii), 351
Estimate of the probabilities or a war between the two countries (ii), 347
Expenditure on warlike preparations (ii), 344
Increase in expenditure since 1835 (ii), 344, 345
Exploded idea, Plea for the reduction of armaments (i), 86
Fear, Result of, had done more to bring an enemy into the country than to keep them away (i), 237 and note
First panic, 1847–1848 (ii), 541
Closing scenes of the first panic—Abdication of Louis Philippe and the proclamation of the Republic (ii), 553
Ellesmere's, Lord, letter bearing the motto “Awake, arise! or be for ever fallen” (ii), 551
Joinville's, Prince, pamphlet, Effect of (ii), 547
Russell's, Lord J., proposals for the reorganising of the militia and an additional 5d to the Income Tax (ii), 551, 552
[739]
Spanish marriages question, Rupture between the two Governments arising out of (ii), 548
Wellington's, Duke of, letter to General Burgoyne—Infantine alarm, etc. (ii), 340, 341
Cause of the panic (ii), 548
(For details as to expenditure on armaments see titles Armaments and Naval Armaments)
French people, Effect of panic demonstrations on — Extract from the Journal des Dtbats (ii), 683 and note.
Governments—Responsibility for panics of successive Governments (ii), 697
Half-pay army officers, Responsibility for panics attributed to (ii), 567
Ignorance of the British people of the character and circ*mstances of the population of France (i), 235 ; (ii), 345, 368
Manufactures, Development of—Dependence of France on Great Britain for raw materials, etc. (ii), 356, 358
Mercantile tonnage, Contrast to the growth of manufactures—Assurance against attack on England (ii), 365, 366
Merchant ships, Utilising for defence purposes proposed (ii), 563
Mismanagement of the administration of the Navy—Cry of alarm and resentment against France resulting from (ii), 639
Money necessary to enable France to invade England—Difficulties of raising compared with 1793 (ii), 352
French often made war pay its own expenses argument (ii), 353
Moral ties between the two countries (ii), 355, 356
Motives for invasion (ii), 697
Napoleon Bonaparte with army ready to invade England, alleged—British deluded into an Anti-Bonaparte War (i), 124
Napoleon, Louis, Election of, as Emperor of the French, refer to sub-heading Second Panic
Naval strength of the two countries—England as the first Naval Power was never questioned by France (ii), 367
Number of men which Great Britain could put into the field to resist French attack (ii), 630
Pamphlet, “The Three Panics”— Excellent example of the way in which Cobden seized and exposed the weal; points of any policy to which he was opposed (i), xvi
Portsmouth, Defenceless state of, alleged (ii), 344
Public men in France, Opinion of, as to sincerity of the British cry of invasion (ii), 367
Science, Application of, in warfare, making war a more costly pursuit (ii), 354
Second panic, 1851–1852–1853:
Absolute and irresponsible power possessed by Louis Napoleon, alleged (ii), 369
Anderson's, Mr., motion in the House of Commons (ii), 563
Attack on Louis Napoleon and the French people in the English Press (ii), 578, 579
British naval forces, Augmentation of following the election of Louis Napoleon as Emperor of the French (ii), 569
Ducos's, M., opinion (ii), 573, 632
Election of Louis Napoleon as Emperor of the French, Effect of (ii), 568
Ewart's, Mr., letter to M. Ducos, written with a view of offering public denial to the rumours (ii), 573
Extent to which the delusion gained credence (ii), 572
Invasion by Louis Napoleon prediction (ii), 340
Militia Bill debate—Meaning of “sudden invasion,” etc. (ii), 564, 565
[740]
Newspapers, Alarm stimulated by (ii), 571, 578
Derby, Earl of, on (ii), 557
Pamphlets issued in 1852 on the state of British defences (ii), 571
Public opinion in France—Powerlessness of Louis Napoleon to enter upon hostilities with England of his own accord (ii), 369
Re-election of Louis Napoleon as President with augmented powers—Cause of the second panic (ii), 556
Revival of the cry in 1853 (ii), 576
Steam navigation had thrown a bridge across the Channel—Vis. Palmerston's alarming speech in the House of Commons (ii) 561, 565
Sudden change of circ*mstances—England and France fighting side by side in the Crimea (ii), 581
Wellington, Duke of — Death of, Revival of old animosity between England and France, Effect of, in raising another panic cry (ii), 568
Steam navigation, Introduction of, Effect on Great Britain's insular position, see Steam Navigation
Sudden and unprovoked attack—Invasion of England without notice prediction, Absurdity of (ii), 348, 361, 550, 562, 664
Meaning of “sudden invasion”—Debates in the House of Commons (ii), 564, 565
Molesworth's, Sir W., letter to the Spectator, 1848 (ii), 356 and note, 550
Speeches in the House of Commons on the difficulties of sending a large expedition over sea, etc. (ii), 562
Third panic—1859–1860–1861 (ii), 582, 595, 625
Agitation in the House of Commons as to the alleged unsatisfactory state of the British Navy (ii), 584, 594, 641, 679
Fortifications, Works proposed by Vis. Palmerston—Climax of third panic (ii), 655
France, Effect produced by the panic (ii), 632
House of Commons, Attitude of—Invasion agitation confined to the House of Lords (ii), 624
House of Lords—Danger of a French invasion proclaimed in the House of Lords—Lord Lyndhurst's inflammatory speeches, etc. (ii), 614, 616, 624, 641, 648
Indian Mutiny—Why did not France take advantage of Great Britain's position ? (ii), 593
Last scene of the third panic—Sir J. Parkington's statement in the House of Commons as to construction of iron ships in France (ii), 679
Naval armaments, Augmentation of, arising out of, see title Naval Armaments
Origin of the alarm—Sir C. Napier's speeches in the House of Commons on the state of the Navy (ii), 589, 590, 596
Pakington's, Sir J., speech in introducing the Navy Estimates—Material for the alarmist, etc. (ii), 600
Palmerston's, Vis., alarming speeches (ii), 656, 692
Parliamentary discussions on the agitation (ii), 584, 594, 641
Patriotism—Contention against probability of invasion was considered English (ii), 648
Reaction on the invasion question—French Commercial Treaty negotiations (ii), 671
Rifle Corps movement arising out of (ii), 629, 631
Sardinia—Ceding to France—Mr. Kinglake's motion in the House of Commons, Effect of, in renewing panic (ii), 689
State of public opinion in 1859 on the question (ii), 631, 632 note
Termination of the third panic— [741] Great Britain as a nation had borne false witness against her neighbour (ii), 696
Invasion by Russia alarm—Cobden's views on the Eastern question, etc. (i), 122
Ireland—Condition of the people—Poverty, barbarism, etc.:
Absenteeism — Impracticability of legislating against (i), 61, 62
Agriculture, State of — Minutely subdivided farms, etc. (i), 70
Army in Ireland, Number of troops stationed in (i), 54
Beauties and natural resources of the country—Quotation from Spenser, etc. (i), 39 and note
Bigotry and superstition among the lower orders—Quotation from Inglis (i), 49 and note
Capital, Want of—Church in Ireland the primary cause (i), 71
Causes of the retrograde position of Ireland as compared with England and Scotland (i), 38, 39, 41
Characteristics of ancient days, Irish people clinging tenaciously to (i), 47
Church in Ireland — Dominant Church opposed to the national religion:
Abolition—Impediments in the way of—Coronation Oath, etc. (i), 53
Abolition or reform—One of the remedies for the state of Ireland (i), 71
“Despised andrejected” ministers, etc., Spenser on (i), 72 and note
Religious persecution which stood in the way of all possible reforms as to religion (i), 49, 50, 51, 52, 53
Cobden's views on — Importance to Ireland of Trans-Atlantic steam-packet stations, etc. (i), 4
Commerce, Restrictions placed on by England—Effect of (i), 41
Cotton manufacture—Competition with England (i), 189 note
Dress of the people — Universal feature, the great coat (i), 47
Early degradation—She had never enjoyed one age of perfect security or peace (i), 40
Elevating the people of Ireland to an equality with the English (i), 54
Emigration scheme as a remedy for the state of Ireland—Converting ships of war into emigrant ships, proposed (i), 64, 65
Employment for the people, Want of was the cause of the miseries of Ireland (i), 56
Famine and plague—Courageous Quakers who went from Clapham and Kingston to administer relief (ii), 378
Farming implements, Inferiority of (i), 70
Flax cultivation, better system advocated (i), 70
Foreign Commerce, Destruction of under British rule (i), 42, 43
Habitations of the peasantry—Description of mud cabins, etc. (i), 56
Home Rule Bill of Mr. Gladstone—Sen-ice rendered in forcing the English nation to face the Irish question (i), xv
Ignorance of the English people of the country of Ireland (i), xv, 39, 40
Indifference of the English Government to the sufferings of the Irish people (i), 38, 58, 59, 60, 74
Inglis', Travels in Ireland, quotations from (i), 49, 56, 57
Internal improvements as remedy for the state of Ireland (i), 65
Land tenure—Pressure of the feudal system:
Masses of landed property held by descendants of a conquering race, living abroad (i), xv
Wyndham's, Mr., measure of 1903 confirmed and justified policy of Cobden and Gladstone (i), xv
Manifestations of passion, Vehement displays of natural feeling—Character of the Irish people unchanged (i), 48
[742]
Manufacturing industry.Destruction of by England (i), 42
Migration of the Irish into England—Number of Irish in Manchester — Contagion of Irish habits—Competition with the working classes, etc. (i), 54
Missionaries sent out by England to convert the heathen whilst the demands of Ireland were neglected (i), 58, 59
Parliament in Dublin:
History of—Most corrupt, base, and selfish public body that ever existed (i), 64
Parliament in Ireland would not remedy the ills of Ireland (i), 64
Poor Law as a remedy for Ireland—Who would pay the Poor Rate ? (i), 63
Ports—Natural landing-places for the products of America—Importation of American commodities into Ireland prohibited (i), 42
Prosperity of Ireland depended on the equalisation of the temporalities of Catholics and Protestants (i), 71
Regeneration and pacification of Ireland (i), 40
English middle classes, probable regeneration of Ireland would be brought about by (i), 40
Gaul to middle and working classes of England (i), 53, 54, 55
Railroads, Construction of:
Opening up the country to English travellers, etc. (i), 66
Scheme in view of the proposed direct Trans-Atlantic steamship communication between Ireland and America (i), 68, 69
Rathcormac tithe tragedy—Extract from Dublin newspaper (i), 48
Remedies for the state of Ireland (i), 61
Repeal of the Union Cry, Adoption of as a means of Coercing England (i), 64
Roman Catholic religion:
Primary cause of the retrograde position of Ireland as compared with England and Scotland (i), 43
Comparative condition of the Catholic and Protestant interests in Europe, 44, 45, 46
Zeal of the Irish people for their religion attributed to persecution (i), 49
Russian and Turkish inhabitants, condition of compared with Ireland (i), 58, also note
Shannon — Finest river of the United Kingdom (i), 40
Spenser's writings on the state of Ireland—Quotations from (i), 39 note, 47, 48, 72 note
Trans-Atlantic steamship communication—Direct communication between Ireland and America—Ireland's geographical position made it possible for her to become the starting-place for all Europe (i), 66, 67, 68
Valentia, Island of—Nearest point of land in Europe to America (i) 66
Wool and woollen goods, Exportation of prohibited by England (i), 42
Iron:
Imports into France from Great Britain — Dependence of France for raw material for her manufacturing industry on England, Argument against war between the two countries (ii), 359
Ships built of v. Wooden Ships, ste Naval Arrfiaments
Italy:
Catholic Italy—Commerce of the country principally in the hands of foreigners (i), 45
French invasion—Attitude of the British towards Italian independence (ii), 613
Jacobins—Name assigned to English Reformers by the Tones (ii), 298
[743]
Jenkinson, Mr. (afterwards Lord Liverpool), on war with France, favourable period for, etc. (li), 317
Jews, Persecution of—Preservation of the Jews as a distinct people resulting from (i), 51
Joinville's, Prince, pamphlet—Contribution to the first invasion of England by France panic (ii), 547, 549
Kinglake, Mr. — Ceding island of Sardinia to France, Motion in the House of Commons (ii), 689
Knowledge, Taxes on—Comparison between United States and Great Britain in relation to Education (i), 96
Labour:
Army, Recruiting for—Labour bidding against the recruiting sergeant (ii), 516
Migration of the Irish labourer into England, Evils of—Contagion of Irish habits, etc. (i), 54, 55
Labour and improvement, Advantages to be derived from over those occurring from war (i), 147, 203, 256, 258
Russia—Danger to Great Britain compared with United States competition in manufactures (i), 151, 152 and note
Labour and Property, Rights of:
False conception of, in France—Failure of the Great Devolution, Free Government rendered impossible, etc. (i), xxiv, xxv
Inequalities of human life, due to injustice, etc., would be reduced if rights of property and labour were established by universal freedom (i), xxvi, xxvii
Labour the first great law of humanity (i), xxvi
Personal liberty, Right of, and right of property comprehended in the rights of labour (i), xxvii
Violation of the rights of labour and property—Spoliation
Bastial's views (i), xxvii
Various forms of spoliation (i), xxvii.
Labouring classes—Effect of the Crimean War on the working classes (ii), 527
Lambert, Com., Conduct of in connection with the Burmese War, see Burmese War
Land:
Accumulation of, in the hands of a few proprietors a political, social and economic evil—Cobden's opinion (i), xlviii
Agriculture, sec that title
Entail, Law of prosperity and improvement of large towns affected by (i), 100 note
France, Landed system in—Reforms of the Constituent Assembly, etc. (ii), 368, 369
Irish Land Question, see Ireland
Landed proprietors:
Corn Laws, Repeal of—Opposition of landowners (i), 109
Wanton extravagance and mismanagement brought about by the imposition of a restrictive duty on corn (i), 118
Lansdowne, Marquis of—On the execution of Louis XVI. (ii), 279
Latter, Capt—References to in connection with the Burmese War, sec Burmese War
Laws of Nations:
Definition of what was meant by “Balance of Power” (i), 198
Maritime Law, see that title
“Leap in the Dark”—Crimean War (ii), 461
Legislation—Raving after impracticable legislation (i), 61, 62
Levant, British trade in, Value of—Pitt's commercial policy, etc. (i), 243 note
Lincoln Mechanics' Institute—Stuart's work on America rejected (i), 77 note
Lindsay, Mr.—Visit to France to investigate the state of the French Navy (ii), 693
Literary productions of Cobden, see Writings
Liverpool Association, Cobden's opinion of, as the only men in the country with faith in the future of humanity (i), xlvi
[744]
London, Defence of, against possible French invasion — Lord Palmerston's fortification scheme (ii), 657
Losing hold — In some directions Cobden's principles were losing their hold on the public mind (i), xix
Louis Napoleon, see Napoleon
Louis XVI. and the French Revolution, sec France—Revolution
Lyndhurst, Lord:
Advanced years — Extraordinary preservation of mental powers (ii), 641, 642–651
Invasion of England by France panic—Inflammatory speech against France (ii), 616, 619, 627, 641
Machinery:
Invention of — Effect of compared with all the wars since the beginning of time (i), 148
Prohibiting export of—Policy and justice of (i), 26
Mackintosh, Sir J.—Speech in the House of Commons on the military spirit in England and the Tiqjntenance of enormous standing armaments (ii), 582 note
Mallet, Sir L.:
Contact with Cobden—Realisation of the ideal side of the Cobdenic creed more completely than Cobden himself (i), lvii
Introduction by (i), xix-lvii
Malmesbury, Lord — Election of Napoleon as Emperor of the French, announcement in the House of Lords (ii), 568
Malt Tax—Only burden of any magnitude borne by the land (i), 113
Manchester:
Chamber of Commerce — Comparative relation between British and continental manufactures investigation (i), 219
Irish, Number migrating to Manchester — Contagion of Irish habits, Evils of competition, etc. (i), 54, 55
Manchester Examiner—Cobden's pamphlet on Russia published in (ii), 274
Manning the Navy, see title Naval Armaments
Manufactures—Manufacturing Industry, etc.
Catholic and Protestant interest in Europe, Comparative condition of (i), 44, 45, 46
Cheapness—Extension and protection of commerce depended upon the cheapness of manufacture and not on armaments (i), 36. 37, 219. 225, 234, 246
Commerce of England was its manufactures, Value of this commerce to England (i), 218
Continental and British manufactures, comparative relation as to cheapness and quality—Investigations by Manchester Chamber of Commerce (i), 219
Corn Laws, Tyranny of—Manufacturing interest deprived of its just reward, etc (i), 151, note
Cotton manufactures, see that title
Development of — Necessity for change of foreign policy in Great Britain (refer to title Foreign Politics, and titles France, United States, etc., Commercial Interests, etc.)
Establishment of manufactures abroad—Result of British tyranny towards Foreign commerce during the French Revolutionary Wars (i), 229, 230, 249
France and Great Britain, Rivalry between:
Mutual interests of the two countries in the preservation of peace (ii), 356, 358, 361
Position held by France at the Great Exhibition of 1851 (ii), 356
Ireland — Restrictions placed on manufacturing industry by Great Britain (i), 42
Military enterprises—Manufacturing community least adapted for great aggressive military enterprise (ii), 517
[745]
Parliamentary representation of manufacturing interest of England—No direct influence in either Houses of Parliament (i), 151, note
Prosperity of Great Britain during the French Revolutionary Wars, Causes of, etc. (ii), 521
Protection—Armed protection of British trade, see that title
Raw material, see that title
Taxation, Necessity for reduction in order to meet foreign competition (i), 220
United States rivalry, refer to United States
War, Effect of on—Absorption of floating capital, etc. (ii), 523, 524, 525
(Refer also to title Trade and Commerce)
Maritime Law—Necessity for reform—United States proposal to exempt private property of belligerents from maritime capture, etc. (ii), 386
Arguments against the proposal by the British Government (ii), 380, 381, 383
British Government's refusal to accept United States' proposal (ii), 380, 381, 382, 383
British interests at stake (ii), 380, 384, 385
Food and raw materials, Dependence of Great Britain on foreign countries for—Advantages which would accrue to Great Britain in the adoption of United States proposal (ii), 385
Cobden's attack on maritime laws, Public misconception of (i), xxxvi, xxxvii
Commercial blockades:
Abolition of in regard to all vessels and cargoes engaged in lawful commerce (ii), 382, 391
Necessity for commercial blockades for the maintenance of British Naval Supremacy, alleged (ii), 383
Continental countries in which blockades had lost their force as the result of extension of railway system (ii), 386
Contraband of war, Simplification of the question would follow the adoption of United States proposals (ii), 391
Crimean War—Effect of the blockade—Imports from Russia arriving in England through Prussian territory (ii), 387
Facts which were not sufficiently known to the public (ii), 382
Food supply in time of war, Question of—Cobden's argument in favour of modification of maritime law was worthy of consideration (i), xv
Free Trade—Revision of maritime code was demanded by the adoption of Free Trade (ii), 392
Horsfall's, Mr., motion in the House of Commons (ii), 380, 381
Insincerity of the United States in making the proposals, alleged (ii), 393
Macy's, Mr., counter-proposal to the Paris Congress in 1856 (ii), 382
Navy, Chief use of should commercial blockade be abolished (ii), 390
Newspaper Press — Attack on Cobden's views (ii), 392
Operation of the law during last wars in which Great Britain had been engaged—Abstaining from taking effectual measures in the interest of British manufacturers and merchants (ii) 386, 387, 388
Paris Congress of 1856—Mr. Macy's counter-proposal to Europe—Exemption from capture of property at sea both by privateers and armed Government ships (ii), 382
Right of search, Definition of the circ*mstances which confer on a belligerent the right of search (ii), 390, 391
Substitute offered by United States for the Fourth Article of the Declaration of Paris (ii), 382
[746]
Summary of views on maritime law reform as given in letter to Mr. Ashworth in 1862 (i), xlix
Three great reforms in the law embraced in the argument (ii), 391
Mediterranean:
British trade, Value of east of the Mediterranean—Pitt's opinion, etc. (i), 243 and note
Protection of British commerce—Failure of the Fleet to force Gibraltar to buy British goods, etc. (i), 226, 227, 228, 255
Memorandum on naval armaments in England and France forwarded to the Prime Minister in 1862 (ii), 700
Mercantile Marine:
Maritime Law, see that title
Seamen's wages augmented by demand of seamen for the Naw (i), 218
Tonnage of France—Assurance to a maritime state like England against French invasion (ii), 365, 366
United States and Great Britain Mercantile Marine compared—Amount of expenditure on the navies of the two countries, etc. (i), 82, 83, 84
Utilising as addition to the defences of the country (ii), 623
Reserve force for home defence—Mr. Anderson's motion in House of Commons (ii), 563
Merchants and bankers of London—address to Louis Napoleon as to attacks made upon him in the English Press (ii), 579
Methuen Treaty (i), liii
Middle and Industrial Classes:
Interest of in the preservation of peace (i), 34
Irish Question—Regeneration of Ireland would be a gain to England (i), 53, 54, 55
“Military and Naval Intelligence”—Columns of daily papers filled with—Military activity never before known in England in time of peace (ii), 584
Military establishments, see Armaments
Military Heroes:
Popularity of in spite of the fact that the wars they had engaged in were unjust and unnecessary wars, see Wellington
Military Spirit—
Ascendency of in the higher circles both on the Continent and in England (ii), 349
Englishmen's love of war—Erection of monuments to warriors in churches, etc. (ii), 376, 377
Predominance of in France—Danger most to be dreaded by France (ii), 346
Military Works:
Expenditure on—Effect of the invasion of England by France panics (ii), 584
Fortifications, sec that title
Militia:
Reorganisation of, Increase in expenditure, etc.—Result of invasion of England by France panic (ii), 546, 558, 559, 561
Bill of 1852—Lord Palmerston as author of (ii), 561
Strength of—Augmentation of land forces in 1859 (ii), 630
Mineral Resources:
Great Britain's wealth attributed to, and not to the growth of the soil (i), 111
United States of America—Europe surpassed in its rich beds of coal, etc. (i), 152 note
Ministry—Cobden's refusal to accept subordinate office offered in 1846 (i), xxxv
Misrepresentation of Cobden's principles (i), xix
Molesworth, Sir W.—Invasion of England by France panic—Letter to the Spectator (ii), 356 note, 550
“Monarch”—Captain's claim against Governor of Rangoon—Cause of the Burmese War (ii), 398
Mortgages—Private mortgages unknown in Russia (ii), 509
[747]
Moscow—
Description of the city (ii), 465
Napoleon's invasion of Russia—Failure to take Moscow—Lesson to the Allies in the Crimean War (ii), 465
Mount-Edgcumbe, Lord, on invasion of England by France panic (ii), 578
Napier, Sir C.:
Agitations instituted by as to the alleged unsatisfactory state of the British Navy in case of French invasion, 594, 595, 624
Removal of from command of the Baltic, Reasons for (ii), 592
Steam navigation, Introduction of, Effect of on possible invasion of Great Britain (ii), 659
Naples—Impost on British manufactures (i), 107
Napoleon Bonaparte:
Balance of Power in Europe, Adoption of the phrase by Napoleon (i), 202 note
Madman in all that related to commercial science (i), 189
Russia, Invasion of:
Failure to take Moscow—Lesson to the Allies in the Crimean War (ii), 465
Inability of Russia to concentrate and support an army illustrated by the Battle of Borodino (i), 184, 185
War of 1807 against British Commerce, Failure of—Export statistics illustrating the failure (i), 12, 13, 30, 106
Napoleon, Louis, see France—Great Britain and France, also Invasion of England — Second Panic, and title Naval Armaments
Nasmyth's, Mr., monster mortar for marine warfare invention (ii), 354
National Debt of Great Britain:
Amount of, exceeding the aggregate of all the debt of the world (i), 110
Colonies, Debt contracted in conquering them, etc. (refer to Colonies — Burden to the Mother Country)
Consequences that would ensue if the country were unable to meet the interest of the Debt (i), 113
Landed interests of the country could not pay the interest of the Debt without the assistance of trade (i), 112
“National Blessing” — Fanciful theory invented by Coleridge (i), 81 and note
Rivalry between United States and Great Britain—Disadvantage which Great Britain would have to contend with in competing with untaxed labour of America (i), 81, 106
Supporting the Debt—Necessity for repeal of the Corn Laws as a means of adding to the population and wealth of the country in order to support the Debt (i), 108, 109, 113, 115
National Debt of Russia—Amount of interest of the funded and floating debt (ii), 509
National Debt of the United States—Extinction of (i), 81, 106
National defence, see Defences
National expenditure, Amount of:
Comparisons with exports (i), 229
Estimates, Resistance to—Cobden's reasons for not devoting time and labour to ithe task (i), xlvi
Increase in peace expenditure:
Abandonment of the economy upon which Cobden insisted, necessitating reversal of taxation policy (i), xvi
(See alsa titles Armaments and Naval Armaments)
Model economy of 1835—Duke of Wellington as a consenting party—Alteration of views in 1847, etc. (ii), 342, 343
Protection of commerce—Expenditure on armaments for, see Protection of Commerce
[748]
United States and Great Britain, Comparisons between—Effect of United States economy on the commercial rivalry between the two countries (i), 82
National greatness, the foundation of which was labour and improvement (i), 147, 203, 256, 258
Naval armaments, Expenditure on—Rivalry between France and Great Britain—Delusion and misrepresentation as to the strength of the French Navy—Effect of invasion panics of 1859, 1860, 1861, etc. (ii), 540
Admiralty, Board of—Mismanagement by—Cry of alarm and resentment against France resulting from (ii), 639, 688
Amount of expenditure by Great Britain exceeding that of France in 1859 (ii), 629
Block-ships, Origin of the construction of in England (ii), 587
Value of for defence of harbours and dockyards (ii), 603, 623
Vessels omitted in enumerating British naval resources by Admiralty First Lords, etc. (ii), 588, 623, 650
Brest, Formation of French Channel Fleet at, alleged (ii), 624
Channel Fleet—Sir C. Napier's demand for (ii), 590
Cheaper construction of ships in England than in France—Enormous waste of money upon unnecessary and useless construction (ii), 605
Cherbourg Dockyard, Comparisons with British dockyards (ii), 595
Coastguard fleet—French estimate as to value of, etc. (ii), 602 note
Commercial enterprise, Effect of the rivalry in armaments on (ii), 704
Crimean War, Augmentation of the British Navy during the war (ii), 584
Derby's, Earl of, Statement as to the state of the British Navy on his advent to power in 1852 (ii), 560, 570
Dockyards:
Construction of works for defence of—Lord Palmerston's scheme (ii), 656
Expenditure:
Amount of wages, etc., in English and French dockyards (ii), 539, 576, 596, 623, 629, 649
Unnecessary expenditure in British dockyards — Lord C. Paget's motion in the House of Commons — Reckless alteration of ships, etc. (ii), 620
Shipwrights, Number employed in Great Britain (ii), 623
Equality of the two Navies—Effort made by France to get a navy equal to Great Britain (refer to sub-heading Strength of the British and French Navies Compared)
Estimating the strength of the Navy by number of its line of battle ships (ii), 608
Expenditure in Great Britain and France rising and falling together (ii), 544
Financial pressure caused by rival armaments—Source of constant irritation to the populations of the two countries (ii), 703
French naval armaments determined by those of Great Britain (ii), 346
Frigates, Number owned by both countries—Superiority of the British frigate (ii), 603, 604, 605
Gunboats, Construction of during the Crimean War—Increase in the British Navy (ii), 585
Inaccuracies and misleading statements by First Lords of the Admiralty as to number of ships in each country, etc. (ii), 599, 604, 606, 616, 628
Total omission of block-ships from First Lord's numerical statement (ii), 601
Increase in British Armaments (ii), 598, 618
[749]
Ellenborough's, Lord, demand for seventy line of battle ships (ii), 614
Iron vessels, Supplementary estimate for (ii), 689
Largest estimates ever maintained in time of peace (ii), 598
Increase in French Armaments—French maritime ascendency, alleged;
Cobden's personal investigations as to naval preparations in France (ii), 633
Dalglish's, Mr., visits to France to investigate the progress in naval armaments (ii), 672
Enormous increase of the French Navy, alleged (ii), 591
Horse transport on the north coast of France—Huge preparations, alleged—Number of persons employed at Toulon dockyards (ii), 655
Investigations by Sir M. Peto and Mr. Lindsay respecting the actual state of the French Navy (ii), 673
Pakington's, Sir J., alarming speech in the House of Commons as to the number of ironclad ships being built (ii), 680
Inquiry by Commission into state of the French Navy in 1849, Result of, etc. (ii), 577, 644, 648
Inquiry by Committee into British Naval Estimates and comparative state of Navies of England and France (ii), 597—Report 605, 682
Iron Ships v. Wooden Ships
Adoption of iron for construction of war vessels, Advantages conferred on England (ii), 686
French programme of future naval constructions, Publication of (ii), 691
Increase in number of wooden vessels in England in spite of experiments as to the superiority of iron ships (ii), 638, 649, 675, 687, 688
Memorandum to Vis. Palmerston (ii), 700
Number of iron ships building in France—Sir J. Pakington's alarming speech in the House of Commons, etc (ii), 679, 686
Number of iron ships in the two countries compared (ii), 675, 687, 690, 691
Origin and progress of iron shipbuilding (ii), 684
Result of the rivalry — Great Britain in possession ot a wooden fleet which iwas worse than useless (ii), 700
Superiority of iron ships (ii), 670, 700, 701
Supplementary estimate for the building of iron ships in England (ii), 689
Withdrawal of wooden ships—Understanding between the two countries as to number of ships of the line possessed by each (ii), 712
Limiting rivalry between the two countries (ii), 698
Commercial treaty between the two countries—Possible fruits of the alliance (ii), 698
Disraeli's, Mr., suggestion (ii), 691
Practical atonement to France for the invasion panics (ii), 697
Reciprocity principle, Application of in adjusting naval forces of the two countries (ii), 702
Line of battle ships—Obsolete ships, alleged (ii), 588, 504
Abandonment of this class of ship by France and America—Opposition to further construction in England (ii), 638, 639
Commission of inquiry in France as to efficiency of this class of ship (ii), 589
Number owned by both countries (ii), 587, 675 (refer also to subheading Iron v. Wooden Ships)
Louis Philippe's reign—Strength of the Navy during (ii), 64
Manning of the Navy:
Maritime conscription in France, Working of (ii), 652, 653
[750]
Number of Seamen in the British and French Navies compared (ii), 539, 576, 596, 598, 651, 654, 657, 662, 674, 675
Supply of seamen for the British Navy (ii), 635, 636
Lyndhurst's, Lord, speech on the supply of seamen—Deplorable situation, alleged (ii), 647, 650
Merchant seamen, Attitude of towards joining the Navy (ii), 654
Number of men in excess of vote (ii), 650
Reserve, Formation of (ii), 651
Memorandum to Vis. Palmerston (ii), 700
Mercantile Marine of Great Britain, Utilising as addition to the defences of the country (ii), 563, 623
Napier's, Sir C., agitations, Alarm resulting from (ii), 589, 594, 595
Napoleon, Louis:
Augmentation of the British Navy following the election of Louis Napoleon as Emperor of France (ii). 569
Restoration of the French Navy attributed to Louis Napoleon (ii), 642
Strength of French Navy during Napoleon's presidency (ii), 588
Invasion panics, see that title—Second Panic, etc.
Packet ships, Comparisons between the ships of each country (ii), 603, 604
Palmerston's, Vis., agitation for construction of fortifications, augmentation of the Navy, etc. (ii), 546, 661
Peace Party agitation to put a stop to the rivalry (ii), 373, 374
Period intervening between the first and second panics, Reduction of expenditure in France (ii), 559
Public accounts system in France, difficulties in comparing the expenditure of the two countries (ii), 541, 542, 596
Rate of progress of construction of steamships—Number of ships launched by Great Britain between 1852 and 1858 (ii), 607
Review at Spithead on the termination of the Crimean War (ii), 584
Sailing ships of the line—Obsolete class of ship for purposes of war—Number of screw liners in the Navies of England and France, etc. (ii), 606
Scientific discoveries, Effect of, in rendering naval armaments obsolete—Opportunity for reciprocal arrangements between England and France as to amount of armament in substituting iron for wooden ships (ii), 703
Secret warlike preparations in France, alleged (ii), 543, 600
Security for peace was to be prepared for war maxim (ii), 348
Shipbuilding departments, see subheading Dockyards
Statements by First Lords of the Admiralty — Opinions expressed when in and out of office, contrast between (ii), 588, 612, note
Steam navigation, Effect of, on the character of naval warfare and on Great Britain's insular position, etc. (ii), 562, 565, 658, 660
Strength of the British and French Navies compared—Alarm as to British naval supremacy, etc. (ii), 544, 586, 590, 506, 597, 606, 625, 628, 629, 637, 647, 652, 662, 672, 675, 679
Assertion that France was attempting to rival us in ships of the line (ii), 676, 677
Comparative number of English and French battleships (ii), 608, 609, 610, 611
Double the number of British ships added compared with French (ii), 610, 611
[751]
Iron ships, see that sub-heading
Mode of comparing the two navies—Number of ships in commission in England compared with number of ships afloat in France (ii), 634
Number of seamen, number of ships in commission, amount of wages in dockyards, and total expenditure of the two countries—Statistics (ii), 539, 576. 590, 598, 623, 629, 662, 663
Unprecedented superiority of the British Navyin 1859 (ii), 628, 663
Syrian dispute. Effect of, on the increase of armaments (ii), 545
Tonnage:
Tonnage built in 1859 in the two countries (ii), 637
Total of, built in Great Britain in 1859 (ii), 623
Wooden ships, see sub-heading Iron v. Wooden Ships
Naval supremacy of Great Britain:
French Revolutionary Wars—Tyranny against foreign commerce, etc. (i), 229, 230, 249
Russian occupation of Constantinople would constitute her the first Naval Power in Europe, alleged (i), 188
(See also title Naval Armaments—Strength of the British and French Navies, etc.)
Naval Warfare:
Monster mortar for marine warfare—Mr. Nasmyth's invention (ii), 354
Steam Navigation, Effect of, etc., see Steam Navigation
Navy:
Dockyards:
Commission of Inquiry into management—Report, etc. (ii), 672 and note
(Refer also to title Naval Armaments)
Expenditure — Rivalry between Great Britain and France, see Naval Armaments
Increase in—Effect of an intermeddling policy in the affairs of Europe (i), 61
(See also Naval Armaments)
Seamen:
Demand for, Effect of—Advance of wages in the Merchant Service (i), 228, note
(See also Naval Armaments—Manning)
Ships — Converting into emigrant ships for the relief of Ireland proposed (i), 65
Neutrality in European disputes—(refer to Foreign Politics—Intervention by Great Britain)
Neutrals—International maritimelaw, see Maritime Law
New York Chamber of Commerce—Maritime law, proposals to substitute the fourth article of the Declaration of Paris (ii), 382
New York Courier and Engtnrer— “Traverse Atlantic” letter (i), 66
Newspaper Press:
Invasion of England by France—Alarm stimulated by leading London newspapers (ii), 571, 578
United States and Great Britain—Number of newspapers published in the two countries, etc., compared (i), 96, 97 and note
“No Foreign Politics” — Test for parliamentary candidates (i), 34
Non-intervention in European politics, see Foreign Politics—Intervention, etc.
North American Continent:
Balance of European Power—Exclusion of the North American Continent—Claims of the Turks to preference over the Christian rival (i), 210
Canada, see that title
United States of America, see that title
Odessa—Advance in wealth, trade, and population — Argument against Russians being anticommercial people (i), 28
Oratorical powers of Cobden, Powers of appeal to the public, etc. (i), lix
[752]
Osborne, Mr. B.—Commercial treaty between Great Britain and France — Promotion of good understanding between the two countries—Speech in the House of Commons (ii), 667
Paget, Lord C.—Speeches in the House of Commons on naval questions (ii), 588, 594, 620, 622
Paixhan's guns, Adoption of—Effect on the origin and progress of iron shipbuilding (ii), 684
First trial in actual combat—Crimean War (ii), 685
Pakington, Sir J.:
French naval armaments — Construction of iron ships alarm—Speech in the House of Commons (ii), 679
Navy Estimates brought forward by, 1859—Increase in armament, etc. (ii), 599, 621
Palmerston, Vis., and Palmerston Administrations:
Fortification scheme—Palmerston's statement in the House of Commons (ii), 655
French naval armaments—Attempt to equal or surpass Great Britain at sea, alleged (ii), 675, 678
Invasion of England by France apprehension — Vis. Palmerston's alarming speeches (ii), 630, 665, 692
Steam navigation had thrown a bridge across the Channel—Declaration in the House of Commons, etc. (ii), 658, 562, 565, 660, 661
“Sudden invasion” (ii), 564, 565
Naval armaments proposed by (ii), 594
Resignation of as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in 1852—Unauthorised expression of appreciation of the coup d'etat of Louis Philippe (ii), 560
Retaliatory duties threatened against Portuguese Government (i), 240, 241
Paper Currency:
Austria—Paper money ranging from 20 to 50 per cent, discount (ii), 510
French Revolutionary Wars — Creation of paper money during (ii), 352
Inconvertible paper money—Countries at war making use of—Result of the Assignais of France during the Revolutionary Wars (ii), 510, 511
Laws for the regulation of—Cobden's views on (i) xxxix
Relaxation of currency laws to meet the demands of the Crimean War — One pound note panacea, etc. (ii), 525
Russia—Coining paper money not according to the wants of the public, but to meet necessities of the Government—Depreciation of the currency, etc. (ii), 504, 507
Paper money and war—Curse and scourge of the working classes (i), 156 note
Paris:
Congress of 1856—United States counter - proposals to Europe as to the exemption of private property of belligerents from maritime capture, etc. (ii), 381, 382
Manufacturing industry — Number of operations, value of their produce, etc. (ii), 365
Parliamentary career of Cobden:
Reasons for entering Parliament—Representative of distinct principles, and of a great cause (i), xxiv
Seat lost by vote against the China War in 1857 (ii), 699 note
Parnell, Sir H., on wars undertaken for protection of commerce (i), 245
Peace Party:
Agitation against rivalry of warlike preparations between France and Great Britain (ii), 373, 374
Attacks on (ii), 339
[753]
France and Great Britain—Hostile tone of English Press against France — Peace Party movement to counteract the mischief (ii), 339
Peace at any price—Peace Party movement (ii), 339
Peel, Sir R., and Peel Administrations:
Armaments, Expenditure on (ii), 544
Invasion of England panics—Augmentation of armaments, etc. (ii), 552
Retrenchment in armaments in time of peace—“We must consent to incur some risk” (ii), 690
Corn Laws, Repeal of, Tribute to Cobden—“the name which ought to be chiefly associated with those services is the name of Richard Cobden” (i), xxxiv
French Steam Navy, Creation of—Commission appointed to visit British ports to investigate what was necessary for protection (ii), 587
Hastings', Sir T., opinion (ii), 659
Relations between Cobden and Peel — Long Parliamentary due), etc. (i), xxxiv
Steam navigation, Effect of the introduction on Great Britain's insular position (ii), 658, 660
Peninsular—British intervention in the affairs of Spain—Mistaken policy (i), 230 and note
Loan of arms by Great Britain would never be repaid (i), 252 note
Money which would have been better employed in constructing railroads in Ireland (i), 61
Peter the Great:
Menial workman in dockyards of Saardam and Deptford, act of devotion to the cause of commerce and civilisation (i), 140
Reforms given to Russia by (i), 172
Peto, Sir M.:
Despatch of agent to France to investigate the state of the French Navy (ii), 693
Steam navigation, Achievements of—Effect of on naval warfare (ii), 660
Pitt:
Commercial policy of—Value of the Levant trade, etc. (i), 243 note
French Revolution and the Great War that followed—Pitt's responsibility for the war, etc. (ii), 299 and note, 320
Pitt Clubs—“Ships, Colonies and Commerce,” toast (i), 221 and note
Poland, State of—Misrepresentation as to barbarizing tendency of all Russian encroachments—Condition of the Poles before and after the dismemberment (i), 165
Anarchy, bloodshed, and famine of the past two centuries (i), 170
Condition of the Poles under Russian rule (i), 174
Conduct of the partitioning Powers towards the Poles (i), 165
Division of Poland, Justification for (i), 158
English writers and politicians—Misrepresentations as to the state of Poland under Russia—Mistaken sympathy for the Poles, etc (i), 165, 171, 178, 180
Extracts from Lardner's Cabinet Encyclopaedia (Appendix) (i), 265
Fate of Poland — Triumph of justice (i), 172, 173
Improvements — Progress and wealth under Russian rule (i), 175
Insurrection of 1830:
Explanation of (i), 176
Povei ty and weakness of Russia shown in putting down the Insurrection (i), 188
Internal improvements under Russian rule (i), 175
New Constitution of 1572 framed by the nobles—Exclusive of all benefit from the mass of the people (i), 168
[754]
Nobility:
Nation constituted by—The rest of the inhabitants were millions of serfs (i), 168, 169
Responsibility of, for the Insurrection of 1830(1), 176
Polish refugees in England—Disapproval of lectures on Polish history which had been made by the refugees (i), 178 note
Property, Right to possess by the people—Result of Russian rule (i), 174, 175
Religious discord, Horrors of, (i), 171, 172
Republic of Poland — Despotism hundred times worse than that of Turkey (i), 171
Russian severity directed against the nobility, and not the people (i), 178
Slavery, Abolition of under Russian rule (i), 174
Trade and manufacture was in the hands of Germans and Jews, because the nobles had no recourse to commerce (i), 178
War—Devastation and bloodshed was the only fashionable occupation of the nobility (i), 168
Polignac, Prince, and his confederates—British intervention with French Government in behalf of, proposed (i), 195 note
Political economy, see Economic Science
Poor Law as a remedy for Ireland, Absurdity of, (i), 63, 64
Population:
European Empires, Population of—Relative densities — Malte-Brun's statistics (i), 135
Increase in, in Great Britain:
Comparison between the future prospects of United States and Great Britain (i), 79, 80 and note
Necessity for, as a means of increasing the wealth of the country in order to support the National Debt (i), 108, 109, 113, 114
Portsmouth, Defenceless state of, alleged—Invasion of England panics (ii), 344
Portugal—British trade with, compared with cost of naval escort — Augmentation of duties upon British goods by the Government of Lisbon (i), 240, 243
Press, sec Newspaper Press
Price of food, see Food
Private property at sea—International maritime law, see Maritime Law
Programme of Cobden:
Criticism in reference to the class of question—Accused as going beyond his province, discredited as an enthusiast, etc. (i), xxxvi, xxxviii
List of objects in view (i), xxxix
Measures excluded (i), xl
Prophecies and anticipations which have not been fulfilled, Search for, in Cobden's writings in the hope of shaking faith in the soundness of his Trade Policy (i), xii
Property, Right of, see Labour and Property, Rights of
Prosperity:
Catholic and Protestant countries, Prosperity compared (i), 43, 44. 45, 46
Free Trade, Prosperity of Great Britain due to (ii), 556, 580
Growth of exports, diminution of pauperism, etc. (i), x
Material prosperity the sole aim, Misrepresentation of Cobden's views (i), xix
Protection of commerce—Armed protection, pretence for wars and enormous standing armaments—Wasteful misdirection of the industry of the State
Address of King William IV. to his Reformed Parliament 1836 (i), 217
Cheapness — Extension and protection of commerce depended upon the cheapness of its manufactures (i), 36, 37, 219, 225, 234, 246
[755]
Colonies—Amount of naval force on the West India station, etc. (i), 241
Comparative relation between British and continental manufactures—Manchester Chamber of Commerce investigation (i), 219
European War, Probable effect of another war (i), 249
Exports of British goods, Value of—Comparisons with the Expenditure on Armaments (i), 237
Force—Influencing traffic of the world by force (i), 246
Brute violence, Inefficiency of, in the trading concerns of the world (i), 226
French Revolutionary Wars — Tyranny by Great Britain against foreign commerce (i), 229, 230, 249
Gibraltar market closed to England by the interdict of dearness in spite of its fortress and triple lines of batteries, etc. (i), 226, 227, 228, 255
Invasion of England apprehension—Result of the want of knowledge of human nature, etc. (i), 235
Manufactures—The commerce of the country was its manufactures, value of this commerce to England (i), 218
Manufacturing competition, Commencement of — Result of British brute force during the French Revolutionary Wars (i), 229
National Expenditure—Double the amount of the whole of exports (i), 229
Naval and military armaments, Expenditure on (i), 85, 86, 87, 105
Extent of British naval armaments (i), 237, 239 and notes
Increase in Naval Estimates (i), 217, 225
Naval force stationed in the Mediterranean, Failure of, to prevent Saxony and Switzerland superseding England in the manufacture of calico prints and drills (i), 226
Reduction of, application of the reduction to abolition of import duties, proposed (i), 228, 239 note
Ships of war and military forces Occupied in Defending British Trade (i), 224
Parting word between the author and the reader as to advocating peace, economy, and a moral ascendency over brute violence (i), 257
Portugal, British trade with — Amount of, compared with cost of escort (i), 240, 243
Proof that armed fleets and armies were not essential to the extension or protection of commerce (i), 226, 237
“Ships, Colonies and Commerce” motto, Substituting “Cheapness” for (i), 221
Turkey—Cost of protection of British commerce (i), 243, 244, 245, 249 note
United States of America:
Commerce carried on between United States and Great Britain needed no armaments as its safeguard (i), 224
Rivalry of, with British manufactures (i), 222, 231
Expenditure on armaments compared with that of Great Britain (i), 238 and note, 239
Victory of “Cheapness,” Difficulties of achieving arising out of the cost of maintaining enormous armaments (i), 234, 235, 239
Wars undertaken for the protection of commerce, and their consequences (i), 245
Protestant religion—Prosperity of Protestant compared with Catholic countries (i), 43, 44, 45, 46
Prussia:
Population for each square league—Comparisons with Russia, France, and England (i), 135
[756]
Russian overland trade passing through Prussia during Crimean War, etc.—Allies' grievance against Prussia (ii), 476, 477
Taxation—Comparisons with Russia, France, and England (i), 136
“Wall of Tariffs”—Exclusion of British goods from the German markets (i), 107
(Refer also to title Germany)
Public accounts system in France—Expenditure on the Navy analysed (ii), 541, 542
Public Creditor—“Before you rob the Public Creditor send your throne to the pawn-shop” (i), 115
Public debt, see National Debt
Public expenditure, see National Expenditure
Public estimate of Cobden:
Losing hold—In some directions Cobden's principles were losing their hold on the public mind (i), xix
Public opinion changing, gravitating more and more in direction of Cobden's views (i), xxii, xxiii
Quakers—Courageous men who went from Clapham and Kingston to administer relief during the Irish famine and plague (ii), 378
Railway construction:
Ireland, see that title
United States and Great Britain—Number of miles laid down in the two countries compared (i), go, 91, 92, 93 and notes
Difficulties of getting Bills through the House of Lords, Effect of on construction of railways in England (i), 93
Rathcormac tithe tragedy — Extract from Dublin newspaper (i), 48
Raw material:
Cotton — Dependence of Great Britain on supply from United States (i), 79 and note
French manufacturing industry—Dependence of France on England for raw material, argument against the prospects of war between the two countries (ii) 358
Silk manufacture in France, Amount of raw material imported since 1792 (ii), 302
(See also Coal, Iron, etc.)
Reciprocity principle, Application of in adjusting naval armaments between Great Britain and France (ii), 702
Reciprocity treaties:
Aim of, absurdity from Free Trade point of view (i), liii
Commercial treaty with France—Charge against Cobden of reviving the Reciprocity Policy (i), liii
Recruiting for the Army—Difficulties of obtaining recruits among urban population, etc. (ii), 516
Reed, Mr.—Lecture on iron-armoured ships (ii), 684
Religion:
Roman Catholicism, see that title
Russia—Toleration of the Greek Church, etc. (ii), 492, 493
Religious Equality in Holland—Causes of commercial prosperity (i), 71 and note
Religious Persecution of the Irish—Irish Church Question (i), 50, Si, 52, 53
Republican institutions — United States form of government was not suitable to the English character (i), 101, 102
Retaliation Policy:
Balfour's, Mr., reasons for the proposed return to a system of retaliation (i), xiii
Palmerston's Vis., threat against the Portuguese Government (i), 240, 241
Revenue—Tax on corn was not objected to as a means of revenue (i), 116 and note
Rifle Corps, see title Volunteer Rifle Corps
[757]
Rochdale—Representation of in Parliament—Cobden elected during absence in America (ii), 699 note
Roman Catholicism:
Abhorrence of change which characterised Catholic States (i), 47
Primary cause of the condition of Ireland as compared with England and Scotland (i), 43
Secular prosperity of nations retarded by (i), 43, 44, 45, 46
Zeal of the Irish people for their religion—Result of religious persecution in relation to the maintenance of the English Church in Ireland (i), 49
Rome—Modern Europe bore no resemblance in its moral condition to that of ancient Rome—Fear of Russian aggrandisem*nt (i), 258 note
Rouen—“Manchester of France” (i), 69
Russell, Lord J., and Russell's Administrations
France and Great Britain—Maintenance of armaments by Great Britain with a view of Offensive Operations, etc. (ii), 689
Maritime Law—United States proposal to exempt piivate property of belligerents from maritime capture (il), 383
Militia, Reorganisation of—Additional 5d. to the Income Tax, etc., arising out of the invasion of England panic (ii), 551, 554
Resignation of in 1852, and advent of Lord Derby (ii), 560
Work of in breaking up the protective system after the repeal of the Corn Laws (i), xxxiii
Russia:
Armaments—Expenditure on (ii), 500, 501
Attachment to country—Inhabitiveness characteristic of the Russians (ii), 485
Balance of Power, see that title
Caucasian tribes—Restoration of freedom and independence agitation — Interposition of Great Britain (i), 160
Characteristics of the Russians—Patriotism, religion, and love of country—Bearing of on the resisting power in connection with the Crimean War (ii), 485
Cobden's pamphlet on, object of, circulation of the pamphlet, etc. (ii), 274
Cobden's visit to Russia—Description of Russia and its people (ii), 475
Crimean War, sec that title
Customs revenue, Amount of — effect of the Crimean War on (ii), 467
Euxine—Russian influence in opening up navigation, etc. (i), 28, 30
Finances—Resources for prolonging the Crimean War (ii), 466, 496
Banks of issue founded by Catherine in 1768 (ii), 503
Banking system of Russia (ii), 503
Controversy between M. Leon Faucher and M. Tengoborski (ii), 499, 500, 501, 506, 508, 509
Effect of the war on income and expenditure (ii), 502
Expenses of the war, Ways and Means of providing for (ii), 508
Extraordinary internal resources (ii), 502
Income and expenditure (ii), 496, 499, 500
Investments in the funds of Western Europe (ii), 497
Loans from the capitalists of Western Europe — Necessity for to enable Russia to march an army across the frontier (ii), 497
National Debt—Interest of (ii), 509
Paper money, Coining not according to wants of the public, but to meet Government necessities — Depreciation of the Currency, etc. (ii), 504, 507
Less ruinous to an agricultural people than a manufacturing nation (ii), 508
[758] Political anarchy lor confusion was not the result (ii), 510
Reserve of bullion (ii), 506
Sources of revenue (ii), 500
Wealth of the Czar, Exaggerations as to (ii), 496
Fiscal Policy, sec sub-heading Protection
Foodstuffs, Supply of to the Countries of Western Europe—Effect of the cessation of Exports arising out of the Crimean War (ii), 528
Foreign Politics—Russians' objections to the Czar's interference in the politics of the West (ii), 486
Great Britain and Russia, sec subheadings Popular Delusion and Trade and Commerce, etc.
Greek Church, Toleration of—Places of worship for other denominations built at the expense of the Government (ii), 492, 493
Internal communications—Extraordinary facilities for long journeys by road and rail (n), 474
Intoxicating drinks, Revenue raised from—Increase in the consumption of liquor, etc. (ii), 500, 501
Manufacturing system, Attempt to force into artificial life, Effect of (ii), 469
Mortgages — Private mortgages hardly known in Russia (ii), 509
Moscow, Description of the city (ii), 465
Napoleon's invasion of Russia—Failure to take Moscow—Lesson to Allies in the Crimean War (ii), 465
Natural products of:
Cheap supply of all that constituted the main wants of an army (ii), 509
Nicholas, Personal character—Interference of in foreign affairs, etc. (ii), 486, 487
Nishni Novgorod Fair—Extent of internal and overland trade illustrated by (ii), 478
Commodities brought to the Fair (ii) 479
Peter the Great:
Menial workman in dockyards of Saardam and Deptford. Act of devotion to the cause of commerce and civilisation (i), 140
Reforms given to Russia by Peter the Great, the seeds of a Power which had grown to such greatness (i), 172
Population—Number of inhabitants living in towns, etc.— Supply of men for the Crimean War (ii), 514
Popular delusion and misrepresentation in Great Britain as to the effect of Russian aggrandisem*nt (i), 125 (ii), 487
Attwood's, Mr. T., Speech in the House of Commons on Russian encroachment (i), 153 note
Author's note (i), 258
British hatred towards Russia (i) 6, 125
Abuse of the Emperor Nicholas in the British Legislature (i), 180 note
Causes of Great Britain's attitude towards Russia (i), 181, 182
Stuart's, Lord D.,Speeches in the House of Commons (i), 154, 155.176 note, 182, 183 and note
British trade with Russia, see subheading Trade
Cobden's pamphlet on Russia, object of the pamphlet, etc. (ii), 274
Dardanelles, Occupation of by Russia—Exclusion of all trade from the Black Sea, etc., would follow, alleged (i), 27
Encroachments by Russia—Charges which could be equally applied to England (i), 153
Territory, Acquisition of by England and Russia during the last century compared (i), 153, 155 note
[759]
Exaggerated views respecting the power of Russia (i), 184
False assumption of Russian aggrandisem*nt (i), 158–164
Future growth of Russian dominion—Alarming picture given by Russo-Maniac orators (i), 182
Geographical position of Russia—Impediments in the way of Russia becoming a great naval power, etc. (i), 188, 189, 190, 193
Government of Russia — Comparisons with Turkey (i), 127
Indian Empire—Russian possession of Turkey a source of danger to Indian Empire, Absurdity of apprehension (i), 20
China, Non-invasion of, argument against the possibility of Russia invading India (i), 185
Mountain tribes—Result of Russian aggrandisem*nt—Encyclopccdia Britaiinica article on Caucasus (i), 160, 161
Opposite careers of aggrandisem*nt of Russia and England—Labour and improvement in Britain and territorial aggrandisem*nt in Russia—Relative consequences to the two Empires (i), 148, 149, 150
Population — Number of inhabitants per each equal league—Comparisons with Russia, France, and England (i), 135
Poverty and weakness of Russia—Lack of wealth necessary for warlike operations for the conquest of European nations, etc. (i), 183, 184, 185, 187 ; (ii), 498
Invasion of China proposed by Catherine—Expedition abandoned for the want of money (i), 186
Military forces—Inability of Russia to concentrate and support an army—Invasion of Russia by Bonaparte illustration (i), 184, 185
Poland Insurrection illustration (i), 188
Weakness exemplified in its uncultivated surface, its scattered position and uncivilised people, etc. (i), 184
Rise of commerce of St. Petersburg unparalleled in Europe (i), 14, 15
Russian influence, Result of over conquered territory (i), 158, 159, 160, 161
Size of the Russian Empire—Wonder and alarm excited by (i). 134, 135. 136, 137, 147, 191
Trade and commerce, Popular delusion that Russia was an anti-commercial nation, see subheading Trade and Commerce
Universal sovereignty as the ultimate aim of Russia, alleged (i), 182
Difficulties in the way of—Nature's boundaries for different communities (i), 191, 192
War with Russia—Great Britain had no pretence, consistent with reason or justice, for going to war with Russia (i), 193
Warlike people—Russians were the least warlike people in the world (ii), 487, 488
(See also titles Poland and Turkey)
Protection v. Free Trade—Effect of Protectionist Policy and its bearing on the Crimean War (ii), 468
Advantages of Protection in time of war (ii), 471, 472
Agriculture, Sacrifice of to the protective interests of manufactures (ii), 469, 470
Asia, Overland trade with—Tea and furs brought overland from from China, Siberia, etc. (ii), 480
Capital of older Countries, Development of new Countries dependent on (ii), 473
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Commencement of the Protectionist Policy (ii), 468
Commercial interests between England and Russia, Preservation of peace by—Advantages of Free Trade (ii), 472, 473
Imports and exports, Amount of compared with home trade, (ii), 477
Injury caused by attempting to force a manufacturing system into artificial life (ii), 469
Internal communications in Russia—Overland route of exports and imports (ii), 476
Most restrictive tariff in Europe, with the exception of France (ii), 471
Natural industries of Russia (ii), 471
Prosperity of the country retarded by Protection (ii), 471
Railway connecting Moscow with the Crimea, Effect of on the invasion of the Crimea (ii), 473
Raw material—Independence of Russia on maritime trade (ii), 479
Seaports, Creation of under Free Trade, Effect of on the war (ii), 471, 472
Tea and furs, Supply of by, overland route from China, Siberia, etc. (ii), 480
Working of the system (ii), 469
Public appointments, Germans holding in Russia (ii), 490
Religious feeling in Russia and its bearing on the Crimean War—Crimean War a religious war, etc. (ii), 491
Regaining for their religion the ascendency over countries subjected to Mussulman rule (ii), 493
Shipping interest—Maritime commerce of Russia carried on in foreign bottoms—Ineffectiveness of blockade during Crimean War (ii), 481
Taxation—Relative taxation of Prussia, France, and England compared with Russia (i), 136
Trade and commerce—Popular delusion in Great Britain that Russia was an anti-commercial nation, etc. (i), 142, 143
British trade with Russia:
Comparison with British trade with Turkey (i), 10, 14, 145
Cotton exports, Amount of (i), 151 note
Shipping at Odessa statistics (i), 29
Facts proving the opposite to be the case (ii), 28, 29, 30, 142, 143
Imports and exports, Amount of, comparisons with home trade (ii), 477
Laws for the encouragement of trade (i), 143, 144
Odessa, Advance of in wealth, trade, and population—Argument against the Russians being an anti-commercial people (i), 28
Protection v. Free Trade, see that sub-heading
Russia, Turkey, and England, Pamphlet on:
Advertisem*nt and note (i), 122
Object of the pamphlet—Effect produced by, etc. (i), 122 note
Russian politics—Pamphlet on England was not written with the view of advocating Russian politics (i), 37 note
St. Petersburg—Rise in Commerce unparalleled in Europe (i), 14
Saunderson, Mr.—Lord Mayor of London—Statements in the House of Commons (1792) as to alleged plot to surprise the Tower of London (i), 124
Savings Banks—Amount of deposits in Banks of the United Kingdom (i), x, 114
Saxony manufactures—Superiority as to quality and cheapness to British manufactures (i), 219, 226, 227, 228, 255
Science, Application of to the process of human destruction—Mr. Nasmyth's invention, etc. (ii), 354, 355
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Scott Russell, Mr., on ironclad ships, origin of the introduction of iron plates, etc. (ii), 686, 687 tiole
Seamen—Manning the Navy, sec title Naval Armaments
Shannon—Finest river in the United Kingdom (i), 40
“Ships, Colonies and Commerce” motto, substituting “Cheapness” for (i), 221 and note
Silk manufacture in France:
Raw material, Importation of—Increase in since 1792 (ii), 362
Superiority of French manufacture over British manufacture (ii), 356, 361
Slave Trade:
Clarkson's agitation against—Tribute to (ii), 375
Great Britain's attempt at putting down—Excessive Navy kept up for, etc. (i), 83 note
Smith, Adam:
British Colonial Policy, Opinions as to (i), 25
Connection in Smith's mind between the facts of science and the social laws which gave them meaning (i), xxvi
Society for Promulgating beneficent truths of the “Wealth of Nations”—Regret that no such Society had been formed (i), 25, 26
Smyrna, Effect of barbarism and indolence of the Turkish rule on (i), 18
Social Condition of the People:
Continental countries, Comparisons with the masses of the English people (ii), 375
Necessity for the English people to turn their attention to their own position instead of interfering in foreign affairs (ii), 374, 375
Somerset, Duke of—Speech in the House of Lords in reply to Lord Lyndhurst's attack as to national defences against French invasion (ii), 649
South America:
Balance of European Power system, Exclusion of the South American States from (i), 212 and note
Independence of—Canning's declaration, “Calling into existence a new world to adjust the balance of the old” (i), 213
Spain:
Abhorrence of the Spanish people of change, which characterised all Catholic States (i), 47
Great Britain's intervention in the affairs of Spain — Mistaken policy (i), 230 and note
French invasion:
Great Britain coming to the rescue of Spain while famine and pestilence was raging in Ireland (i), 59, 60
Loan of Arms by the British Government would never be repaid (i), 250 note
Trans-Atlantic ambition—Miserable Spectacle of a Nation resulting from (i), 21
Spanish, Marriages question—Rupture between England and France, Effect of on increase of armaments (ii), 548
Spectator — Invasion of England by France panic, Sir W. Molesworth's remonstrance as to a sudden invasion without a declaration of war, etc. (ii), 356 note, 550
Spenser on the state of Ireland, Quotations from (i), 30 note, 47, 48, 72, 73 note
Spithead — Naval Review on the termination of the Crimean War, Display of Steam Gunboats, etc. (u), 584
Spoliation, see title Labour and Property, Rights of—Violation
Standing armaments—Pretence for maintaining enormous standing armaments, see titles Armaments, Naval Armaments, and Protection of Commerce
State affairs—Application of same rules of common sense to as were applied to individual undertakings (i), 242
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State of the nation in 1801—Extract from Mr. Grey's (afterwards Lord Grey) speech in the House of Commons (i), 157
State policy—Resolving questions of State policy into matters of pecuniary calculation (i), 238 note
States system of Europe, refer to Balance of Power
Statesman—Cobden a statesman in the highest sense of the term (i), lxi, lxii
Steam engine, Invention of—Effect of compared with all the wars since the beginning of time (i), 148
Steam navigation—Effect of on the character of naval warfare, Effect of on Great Britain's insular position, etc.
Bridging the Channel:
Palmerston's, Vis., declaration in the House of Commons (ii), 562, 565
Peel's, Sir R., statement that steam navigation had bridged the Channel for the purpose of aggression, etc. (ii), 658
Statement inaccurately attributed to Sir R. Peel (ii), 660, 661
Facilities for offence rather than defence (ii), 658
Steamship communication with America, see Trans-Atlantic Steamship Communication
Stevens, Mr., on origin of the introduction of iron plates for naval ships (ii), 686
Strength of nations estimated according to their armaments—Common error among statesmen (i), 105
True source of national greatness was labour and improvement (i), 147, 203, 256, 258
Stuart, Lord D.—Speeches in the House of Commons:
Invasion of England by France panic (i), 124
Napoleon's regard for the Balance of Power in Europe (i), 202 note
Russian encroachments, etc. (i), 154, 155. 176, 182, 183 and note, 184
Stuart's work on America—Rejection of by Lincoln Mechanics' Institute (i), 77 note
Suffrage, Extension of — Cobden's views (i), xi, xii
Sugar duties—Discriminating duties on West Indian sugar, Abolition of—Effect of on the plea of defending the Colonies (i), 22
Supremacy of Great Britain at sea, see Naval Supremacy
Switzerland:
Catholic and Protestant population—Industry and prosperity of the people compared (i), 44, 45
Manufactures—Superiority of as to quality and cheapness to British manufactures (i), 219, 226, 227, 228, 255
Syria:
Effect of Turkish rule on—Deserted waste (i), 16
France and Great Britain, Rupture between in 1840 — Effect of on increase of armaments (ii), 545
Talleyrand's, M. de, mission to London during the French Revolution, Object of, etc. (ii), 311
Tariff, see titles Free Trade, Corn Laws, Discriminating Duties, etc., also Names of Foreign Countries—Protection, etc.
Taxation:
Basis of—Indirect taxation, etc.:
Object in imposing a tax, Superiority of a direct tax (i), xlvii
Only method of taxing the masses argument (i), xlvii
Remission of, the first object in financial reform — Cobden's views (i), xxxix, xlvi
Reversal of policy which ruled from 1842, owing to extravagance in peace expenditure (i), xvi
Threefold objection to indirect taxes (i), xlvii
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Burden of taxation brought about by Great Britain's intervention in European affairs (i), 9
Colonial Empire, Acquisition and maintenance of, Effect of on taxation of the English people (i). 21, 25
Manufactures of Great Britain retarded by—Necessity for reduction of taxation to meet foreign competition (i), 220
National Debt, set that title
Russia, Prussia, France, and England—Relative taxation compared (i), 136
United States and Great Britain: Comparisons between taxation burdens of the two countries (i), 82, 83, 84, 85 (refer also to United States—Rivalry)
Taxes on knowledge—Comparisons between United States and Great Britain in relation to education (i), 96
Tengoborski, M., and M. Leon Faucher — Russian finances Controversy (ii), 499, 500, 501, 506, 508, 509
Territorial conquests made by Great Britain during past century:
Balance of Power, Working of the system, (i), 200, 201
Enlargement of the British Empire at the expense of other countries (i), 153, 154, 155
England had acquired three times as much territory as Russia during the last century (i) 155 note
Thiers, M.:
Armaments necessary to maintain peace, (ii) 348
Cotton industry of France, Growth of (ii), 360
Great Britain's Responsibility for the French War of 1793 (ii), 330
Praise due to the Revolution of 1789 (ii), 331, 332
Thomas, C. P., on British and continental manufactures, Comparative relation (i), 219
Three Panics, see Invasion
Timber duties—Canadian exporters of timber, Privileges accorded to (i), 22
Times—Cobden's pamphlet on Russia first published in (ii), 274
Tithes Question, Ireland—Religious persecution of the Irish people (i), 50, 51, 52, 53
Tory Party—Reversal of condemnatory policy, resolution in the House in 1852 in favour of Cobden's Free Trade Principles (i), ix.
Tour through Europe made by Cobden, Interest and attention roused by (i), xxxvi
Tournefort—Condition of the people in Turkey (i), 58 note
Tower of London, Plot against, alleged—Lord Mayor's statement in the House of Commons (1792) (i), 124
Towns, Inhabitants of:
Superior courage, compared with rural population (ii) 516
Supply of men from towns as recruits for large movable armies—Physical and economical obstructions in the way of (ii) 515, 516
Trade and Commerce—British trade, etc.:
Altered circ*mstances of the last century which made the “States system” inapplicable to to-day—Rise and paramount importance of commercial America, etc. (i), 122 (refer also to titles Balance of Power, Foreign Politics, etc.)
Annihilation of British trade — Absurdity of apprehension—Napoleon's war against British commerce illustration (i), 11, 30, 36, 106
China, see that title
Commerce was the grand panacea—It was the means by which civilisation was spread (i), 36
Continental trade — Comparisons between British and United States trade with the Continent (i) 214
[764]
Defence of British Commerce—Wars undertaken for, in spite of the fact that trade never could be forced (i), 10, 11, 36, 104 (referalso to title Protection of Commerce)
Exclusion of British fabrics by Continental Countries—Countries for whose independence Great Britain had fought (i), 107
Foreign competition, sec title Competition
Foreign customers—What induces them to come to the English market—Cheapness, not friendship (i), 36, 37, 219, 225, 234, 246
Foreign trade — British trade exceeded that of any other commercial nation (i), 146
French rivalry in manufactures, see Manufactures
Imports and export statistics (i), 12, 13, 14 ; (ii), 362, 364
Value of exports — Expenditure on armaments compared (i), 237
Ireland — Restrictions placed on commerce by England, Effect of (i), 41
Levant, Comparative value of British trade in, etc. (i), 243 and note
Manufactures, see that title, also Cotton Manufactures, etc.
Peace, Preservation of, by commercial interests between nations — Advantages of Free Trade over Protection (ii), 472, 473
Prosperity of the country arising out of Free Trade, exports doubled in five years, etc., see Prosperity
Russia and Turkey, British trade with the two countries compared, see title Russia—Trade
Supremacy of Great Britain—Russian occupation of Constantinople, Danger of, etc. (refer to title Turkey)
Treaty of Commerce between Great Britain and France, see title France — Great Britain and France
United States — Rivalry between United States and Great Britain, see United States of America
Trans-Atlantic steamship communication:
Arrival and departure of steamers twice a week between England and America predicted (i), 68
Cobden's views on — Importance to Ireland of Trans-Atlantic steam-packet stations (i), 4
Direct communication between Ireland and America predicted (i), 68
Irish Trans-Atlantic packet station first one established at Galway (i), 68 note
Steamship crossed the Atlantic from Savannah to Liverpool in 1819 (i), 08 note
Time of passage from New York to Liverpool (25 days) (i), 214 note
Turkey—
Balance of Power, see that title
Condition of the people—No beggars to be seen in the streets—Comparison with the condition of the Irish people (i), 58 and note
Natural products of (i), 15
State of Turkey—Great Britain's policy in aiding to maintain the status quo of Turkey against possible Russian encroachments (i), 6, 208, 209
Aggrandisem*nt of a Christian Power at the expense of Turkey, even should that Power be Russia, advocated (i), 26
Answers to the objections to the aggrandisem*nt of Russia (i), 142
Balance of Power in Europe—Turkey as member of the European system, see title Balance of Power
Barbarism and corruption—Not one European custom had been adopted by the Turks, etc. (i), 207, 208, 209
Character of the Turks and Russians compared (i), 144
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Civilisation and progress made by Russia compared-with Turkey (i), 140
Cobden's Pamphlet on, Objects of the pamphlet — Cobden's views on the question, etc. (i), 122
Commerce—Turkish aversion and contempt for trade (i), 132
Dangers, Alleged, which threatened England as the consequence of the possession of Constantinople by Russia
Anti-commercial nation, Russia as, alleged (i), 142, 143
British commerce, banger to—Amount of trade carried on with Russia and Turkey compared (i), 10, 14, 144, 145, 147, 228, 243
Fear of the danger of an eruption of its people into Western Europe and the possibility of another destruction of civilisation, etc. (i), 258 note
Financial transactions could only be carried on through the medium of England—Russia could not seclude herself from the trade of the rest of the world (i), 145, 146
Indian Empire, Danger to (i), 19, 20, 185
Nature of the population—Tribes such as Circassian and Georgians designated by the alarmist writers as “Nations” (i), 137
Naval Power—Russia would become the first Maritime Power—Geographical difficulties of erecting a Naval Power in the Baltic, etc. (i), 188, 189, 190
Power and wealth which Russia must obtain to constitute herself a danger to England (i), 138, 139
Taxation — Disadvantageous position of Russia (i), 136
Size of Russia—Vastness of territory—Wide-spread character of the population—Wonder and alarm excited by, etc., 134, 147, 191
United States of America was the danger to the supremacy of Great Britain, not Russia (i), 151 and note
Decay and ruin throughout Turkey of what was once more fruitful than the richest plains of Sicily—Causes of, etc. (i), 128
Comparisons with Russian civilisation (i), 251
Extracts from various writers illustrative of the condition of Turkey—Appendix (i), 260–264
What Turkey might become could the population of the United States be substituted for the Mahomedans (i), 16 17, 18
Education and learning — All learning outside the Koran despised by the Turks (i), 130
Finland, Conquest of hy Russia—Results of—Why did not the same results follow the conquest of Turkey ? (i), 139, 141
Imputed virtues of the Turks—Charity, etc. (i), 134
Interest of England argument (i), 127, 142
Internal improvements, Neglect of (i), 130
Internal interference with the Ottoman territory by Great Britain—Russian and Austrian jealousy, etc. (i), 32
Invasion of Turkey by Russia was not advocated by Cobden (i) 251
Motives for defending the Turkish territory (i), 8
Religion of the Turks—Fanatic and brutalising religion (i), 129, 130, 131
Subjugation of Turkey by Russia—Probable consequence of—England the gainer, and not the sufferer by the event (i), 126
[766]
Superiority of the Government of Russia to that of Turkey (i), 127
Territory governed by the Turks in the past—History of Turkish conquests, etc. (i), 128
“Trifling succour” which Great Britain was called on to render Turkey (i), 31
Urquhart, Mr. D.—Influence of on the public mind as to the Russo-Turkish Question (i), 125 note
Pamphlet, Quotations from (i), 7, 8, 9, jo, 14, 19, 27, 31
Wallachia and Moldavia—Condition of arising out of Turkish misgovernment (i), 162
War between Great Britain and Russia in defence of Turkey, Protest against (i), 249, 253, 256
England had no interest in the preservation of Turkey (i), 250, 251, 256
Turkish conquests, History of (i), 127, 128
Union of European States (refer to Balance of Power)
United States of America:
Balance of European Power—Exclusion of the North American Continent (i), 210, 213
Civil War:
Cobden's interest in the controversy, predictions of triumph, etc. (i), lxii
Combat between Motiiloi and Mcrrimac—Attempt to create in Great Britain an invasion panic (ii), 700
Cobden's visit to (i), 4
Great Britain and United States:
British exports to—Mutual Dependence of England and America, etc. (i), 79, 80 and note, 222, 223
Commercial rivalry, see sub-heading Rivalry
Wilks's, Captain, seizure of American citizens from the deck of a British vessel incident—Prospect of war between America and Great Britain (ii), 692
European Powers' disapproval of Captain Wilks's action (ii), 694
Jews—American toleration of (i), 51 and note
Mineral resources — Europe surpassed in its rich beds of coal, etc. (i), 152 note
New York Chamber of Commerce—Maritime Law, Proposals to substitute the fourth article of the Declaration of Paris (ii), 382
Rise and paramount importance of from commercial point of view—Altered circ*mstances of European affairs which made it necessary for a change in Foreign Policy of Great Britain (i), 122
Rivalry between United States and Great Britain — Commercial rivalry which in all probability would place Great Britain second in the rank of nations (i), xiv
Aristocracy, Attitude of towards America—Prejudiced party (i), 76
Armaments, Expenditure on compared (i), 82 and note, 83, 84, 85, 238 and note
Armour-cased vessels, Expenditure on during the Crimean War (ii), 700
Navy, Augmentation of—Effect of the inflated armaments of Great Britain (ii), 534
Books and papers giving favourable pictures of America excluded from libraries and news-rooms in England (i), 77 and note
Cheap diplomacy—Comparisons with the expensive diplomacy of Great Britain (i), 108
Cheapness the one element in the competition (i), 222
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Commerce with countries of Europe — Comparisons with British trade (i), 214
Commercial connection between the two countries (i), 77, 78
Cotton manufacture:
Amount of capital employed in—Competition with British fabrics in the Mediterranean, etc. (i), 88, 89
Rise and progress in United States (i), 232
Education, Universality of—Superior rank of civilisation and power the ultimate outcome (i), 94, 95, 96 and note
Foreign politics, Intervention by Great Britain at the sacrifice of the commercial interests of the country (i), 85, 86, 104
Government of the United States was the best in the world (i), 101 and note
Holland and Great Britain—Parallel cases (i), 89
Indifference displayed by Great Britain towards growth of wealth and power in America (i), 76
Industry, economy and peaceful policy of America was England's d
Confirmation of views previously expressed, result of a visit to America, etc. (i), 151 and note
Manufactures, United States competition (i), 87
Establishment of manufactures as the result of British tyranny against foreign commerce during the French Revolutionary Wars (i), 231, 232, 233
Mechanical genius of the Americans and British compared (i), 89
Mercantile Marine, Comparisons between the two countries—Amount of expenditure on the Navies of the two countries, etc. (i), 82, 83, 84
National Debt, Discharge of—Disadvantages which Great Britain would liave to encounter in competing with the untaxed labour of the inhabitants of America (i), 81, 106
National expenditure of the two countries, Comparisons between (i), 82–85
Newspaper Press, Superiority of over that of Great Britain—Number of newspapers published in the two countries etc. (i), 96, 97 and note
Old school and new schools of traders—Relative positions of the two great Commercial Naval Rivals (i), 98, 99
Railway construction—Contrast between the number of miles laid down in the two countries (i), 90, 91, 92, 93 and note
Republican institutions were unsuited to Great Britain—Democracy formed no element in the materials of English character (i), 101, 102 and note
Survival of Great Britain lay in adopting American examples (i), 103
Taxation burdens compared (i), 81, 82, 83, 84, 85
Trades of the two countries, comparisons between—Population and export statistics (i), 79, So and note
Unparalleled advance of the United States in wealth and population (i), 79
Separation of from the Mother Country
Obtaining merely with a view to escape payment of money due to English creditors, alleged (i), 76
Result of—Increased commercial intercourse with the Mother Country (ii), 286
Trans-Atlantic steamship communication, see that title
[768]
Turkey, substituting United States population for the inhabitants of Turkey—Results which would probably follow (i), 18, 19
Urban Population, see Towns
Urquhart, Mr.—Formerly Secretary of tlie English Embassy at Constantinople:
“England, France, Russia, and Turkey” pamphlet, Quotations from (i), 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 19, 27, 31
Russo-Turkish Question—Mr. Urquhart's influence on the public mind (i), 125
Usury laws, Working of during the Great French War (ii), 525
Valentia, Island of—Nearest point of land in Europe to America (i), 66
Vanity—Characteristic of the English race (i), 9
Vast and scattered Empire of Russia, see Russia—Popular Delusion and Misrepresentation, etc
Verney, Sir H.—Speech in the House of Commons on Russia and the Balance of Power (i), 125, note
Vienna Conference—Austria's offer to resist attack by Russia upon Turkey, etc.—Bearing of on the Crimean war (ii), 532
Volunteer Rifle Corps, Establishment of — Result of invasion of England by France panic (ii), 629
Vorula, Gulf of—Cost of British Fleet in (i), 30
Wallachia and Moldavia, State of arising out of Turkish misgovernment (i), 162
War, Evils of—Blessings of peace, etc. (ii), 528
Abstracting labour from productive employment, etc. (ii), 525
Balance of Power in Europe—Fruitless wars undertaken to maintain the Balance of Power, see Balance of Power
Bankruptcies in time of peace and war compared (i), 248
Best security for peace was to be prepared for war — Maxim which could only apply to nations of antiquity, etc.—Lord Aberdeen on, 1849 (ii), 348, 349
Burmese War, see that title
Causes (under her own control) which render a country liable to war (i), xlv
Chemistry, Power of, Application to the purpose of war—Safeguard against future triumph of savage hordes over civilised countries (i), 259
Colonies—Wars undertaken on behalf of under the delusion that the Colonies were profitable acquisitions (i), 156 and note
Commercial interests between nations, Preservation of peace by—Advantages of Free Trade over Protection (ii), 472, 473
Constitutional freedom—Education and civilisation were the outcome of peace (i), 35, 36
Crimean War, see Crimea
Defence of Commerce, wars undertaken for in spite of the fact that trade never could be forced (i), 10, ii, 36 (see also title protection of commerce)
Englishman's love of fighting — England had been the most combative and aggressive community (ii), 376
Striking the first blow—Boast of the English (i), 156 note
Expenditure on war:
Absorbing floating capital for, Evil results of (ii), 523
Great Britain's expenditure—Result of intervention in foreign politics (ii), 376
France, War with, sec France—Revolution, etc.
Free Trade the surest guarantee of peace (i), xrxix, 222
Improvements, labour, and discoveries — Greatest blessing conferred on a people by, and not by the sword of the conqueror, (i), 147, 203, 256, 258
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Superiority of, over efforts of brute force and violence—Relative consequences of the opposite careers of aggrandisem*nt of Russia and England (i), 148, 149, 150
Interest of the middle and industrial classes in peace) (i), 34
International Maritime Law, sec Maritime Law
Invasion of England by France—Possibility of war between the two countries, sec Invasion
Loss of human life by all the wars of past ages (i), 246
Military heroes, Popularity of, in spite of the fact that the wars they had engaged in were unjust and unnecessary wars, sec Wellington
No Government had a right to plunge its people into hostility except in defence of their own national honour or interest (i), 8
Explanation of Cobden's views (i), xl, xli
Pretence for, sec titles Balance of Power, Protection of Commerce, etc.
Repetition of wars under the same circ*mstances and conditions, Arguments against (ii), 351
Result of war—No class or calling derived substantial or permanent advantage from war (i), 247, 250
Science, Application of, to the process of human destruction, costliness of wars compared with the past (ii), 354
Steam engine and other inventions, Effect of, compared with all the wars since the beginning of time (i), 148
Turkey—Great Britain going to war with Russia in defence of Turkey, Protest against (i), 249, 256
Whig Aristocracy of 1815, Attitude of, towards war (ii), 582 and note
War prices, Results of to agriculturists, etc. (i), 247, 248
War and paper money—Curse and scourge of the working classes (i), 156 note
Warlike preparations—Expenditure on armaments, sec titles Armaments and Naval Armaments
Warriors—Erection of monuments to in churches, etc.—Englishman's love of war, etc. (ii), 376, 377
Wathington, Major—On defence of Great Britain against possible French invasion (ii), 671 note
“Wastrel,” Definition of (i), 118 and note
Watt and Arkwright—Commanders in the war of improvement (i), 148
Wealth governs the world (i), 105
Wealth of Great Britain—Mineral riches were the secret of her wealth, not the growth of the soil (i), 111
“Wealth of Nations”—Formation of Societies in connection with—Regret that no such Society had been formed (i), 25, 26
Welby, Lord—Preface by (i), viii–xviii
Wellington, Duke of:
Alarms which characterised his old age:
Exhibition of 1851—Precautions against insurrection (ii), 341
Invasion of England by France apprehension—Letter written to Gen. Burgoyne in 1847 (ii), 340, 341
Death of:
Public attention carried back to wars with France, Revival of the old animosity between England and France, etc. (ii), 567
Sermon on the death of—Unsuitability of the Duke of Wellington's career as a subject for pulpit manifestations (ii), 276. 379
Duty, Wellington's strict performance of—Criticism of eulogistic references to (ii), 282, 283
Lavishing admiration upon warriors regardless of the cause to [770] which they may devote themselves (ii), 276, 281, 282
National defence, Letters on, Effect of in creating an invasion panic and augmenting armaments (ii), 548, 552, 560
Pagan honours paid to—He who fought the battle of tliat unrighteous coalition (ii), 334
West Indies:
Monopoly of trade to Canada (i), 23
Naval force, Amount of for protection of commerce (i), 241
Sugar — Discriminating duties “monstrous impolicy,” etc. (i), 22
“What Next—and Next?” (ii), 460, 461
Whigs:
Aristocracy of 1815, Attitude of towards war (ii), 582 and note
Failure of their foreign policy—State of Europe in 1834—Extracts from newspapers (i), 32, 33, 34 note
Wilks's, Capt, seizure of American citizens from the deck of a British vessel incident, see United States—Great Britain and United States
Windham, Mr.—War with France, Justification for (ii), 319
Wood, Sir C.:
Speeches in the House of Commons on the state of the British Navy (ii), 589
Vindication of his management of the Admiralty (ii), 612
Wool:
Exportation of from Ireland prohibited by England (i), 42
Foreign wools, Dependence of Yorkshire industry on (i), 111 note
Writings of Cobden:
First literary productions, etc. (i), 4
Purity of style, Example to students of English, etc. (i), xvii
Value of:
Investigation of principles which should be recognised in all measures regulating intercourse between nations (i), ix
Value of Cobden's pamphlets at the present day, notwithstanding change of circ*mstances, etc. (i), xviii, xxii
Wyndham's, Mr., Irish land measure confirmed and justified the policy of Cobden and Gladstone (i), xv
Yorkshire industry—Dependence of on foreign wools (i), in note
